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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41; corren un riesgo hasta 5 veces mayor de sufrir ictus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Durante muchos a&#241;os&#44; los antagonistas de la vitamina K &#40;AVK&#41; han constituido el &#250;nico tratamiento anticoagulante disponible&#46; Recientemente han entrado en escena los anticoagulantes orales directos &#40;ACOD&#41;&#44; que han mostrado un mejor balance de riesgos y beneficios que los AVK en ensayos aleatorizados y controlados &#40;EAC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#46; En estudios observacionales en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica poscomercializaci&#243;n sobre la efectividad y la seguridad del dabigatr&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; rivaroxab&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> y apixab&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con warfarina&#44; se ha constatado una coherencia general con los EAC respectivos&#46; Una ventaja importante de los ACOD con respecto a los AVK es su farmacocin&#233;tica predecible y la no necesidad de controles anal&#237;ticos peri&#243;dicos&#46; En consecuencia&#44; las directrices actuales de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiolog&#237;a &#40;ESC&#41; recomiendan optar por los ACOD antes que por los AVK en los pacientes con FANV que inician la anticoagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de su facilidad de uso&#44; los ACOD siguen siendo medicamentos de alto riesgo que han de manejarse con cuidado para evitar complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas y tromb&#243;ticas&#46; A fin de optimizar su seguridad&#44; eficacia&#44; f&#225;rmaco inicial adecuado&#44; selecci&#243;n de la dosis y ajustes de la dosis a lo largo del tiempo hay que tener en cuenta las caracter&#237;sticas del paciente&#44; tales como edad&#44; funci&#243;n renal&#44; peso&#44; comorbilidad y medicamentos concomitantes&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; hay que realizar una gesti&#243;n cuidadosa de los procedimientos invasivos e intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas&#44; as&#237; como un tratamiento adecuado de los eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#46; As&#237; pues&#44; para una gesti&#243;n correcta de estos f&#225;rmacos&#44; resulta fundamental la formaci&#243;n de los m&#233;dicos que atienden a pacientes anticoagulados&#44; as&#237; como la educaci&#243;n de los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; las tasas de uso de ACOD en Espa&#241;a han sido menores que las de pa&#237;ses vecinos&#44; debido principalmente a restricciones administrativas que limitan sus indicaciones a situaciones de control deficiente del INR&#44; ineficacia de los AVK&#44; contraindicaciones de los AVK&#44; mayor riesgo de hemorragia intracraneal o incapacidad de acceder a centros para controlar el INR&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los estudios para evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de los ACOD en la poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola son muy escasos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a>&#46; La falta de informaci&#243;n sobre el uso de ACOD en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica espa&#241;ola representa una carga que impide que muchos pacientes reciban un tratamiento adecuado de la FANV&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En consecuencia&#44; en nuestra &#225;rea de salud<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#44;</span> en el servicio de hematolog&#237;a del hospital &#40;en Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41;&#44; se dise&#241;&#243; un programa de gesti&#243;n para los pacientes con FANV que inician el tratamiento con ACOD&#46; Se incluyeron recomendaciones relativas a indicaci&#243;n&#44; dosis&#44; factores de riesgo e influencia de la funci&#243;n renal y contraindicaciones&#44; as&#237; como sobre el cambio de tratamiento&#44; actuaci&#243;n a seguir y tratamiento de todas las situaciones cl&#237;nicas que tienen que ver con los ACOD&#44; como hemorragias&#44; cirug&#237;a&#44; controles y bibliograf&#237;a&#44; con especial atenci&#243;n al papel de los especialistas en este campo&#46; Nuestro objetivo consist&#237;a en evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de los ACOD en pacientes que iniciaron la anticoagulaci&#243;n por FANV entre 2012 y 2016&#44; as&#237; como presentar los resultados del programa mencionado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Sujetos y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro centro&#44; el Hospital Universitario de Sagunto &#40;Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41; es un hospital regional que presta asistencia a m&#225;s de 150&#46;000 personas y trata a m&#225;s de 3&#46;500 pacientes anticoagulados con AVK&#46; En 2012 se dise&#241;&#243; un plan de gesti&#243;n para la prescripci&#243;n de ACOD a pacientes con FANV&#46; Este estudio tuvo un dise&#241;o observacional&#44; prospectivo y longitudinal&#44; y se incluy&#243; en &#233;l a todos los pacientes con FANV que firmaron el consentimiento informado&#44; fueron atendidos en el servicio de hematolog&#237;a y recibieron tratamiento con apixab&#225;n&#44; rivaroxab&#225;n o dabigatr&#225;n entre el 1 de abril de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n el protocolo de gesti&#243;n&#44; los pacientes se sometieron a una evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y anal&#237;tica antes del comienzo del estudio y al cabo 3 meses y de uno&#44; 2 y 3 a&#241;os de empezar a utilizar los ACOD&#46; Se obtuvieron datos cl&#237;nicos habituales de cada paciente antes del comienzo del estudio&#44; incluido el tratamiento con antiagregantes plaquetarios&#44; as&#237; como las puntuaciones CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASc y HAS-BLED&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Posteriormente&#44; se recopilaron datos anal&#237;ticos&#44; reacciones adversas&#44; eventos tromboemb&#243;licos y eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#46; La efectividad cl&#237;nica se evalu&#243; conforme a la presencia o ausencia de eventos de ictus isqu&#233;mico&#44; AIT y tromboembolia &#40;TE&#41; sist&#233;mica y la seguridad&#44; seg&#250;n las hemorragias importantes y no importantes&#44; pero cl&#237;nicamente relevantes &#40;NICR&#41; &#40;criterios ISTH&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; La administraci&#243;n de una dosis adecuada se defini&#243; de acuerdo con las normas internacionales incluidas en el programa de gesti&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se respet&#243; la confidencialidad de los registros&#46; El estudio fue clasificado por la Agencia Espa&#241;ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios &#40;EPA-OD&#41; y aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Investigaci&#243;n con medicamentos del hospital&#46; El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo en condiciones de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual y no se realizaron procedimientos ni intervenciones adicionales&#46; Todos los pacientes otorgaron su consentimiento informado antes del comienzo del estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis se incluy&#243; a todos los pacientes que completaron&#44; como m&#237;nimo&#44; la visita al cabo de 3 meses&#46; Los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se realizaron con el programa estad&#237;stico R&#44; 3&#46;5&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Para el an&#225;lisis descriptivo&#44; las variables cualitativas se describieron mediante frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes y las cuantitativas&#44; mediante medianas e intervalos intercuart&#237;licos&#46; A fin de reducir la posibilidad de inferencias falsamente positivas debido a comparaciones m&#250;ltiples entre los grupos&#44; los valores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> se ajustaron con el m&#233;todo de Benjamini y Hochberg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s de calcular las tasas de incidencia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos y hemorr&#225;gicos&#44; se construyeron curvas de Kaplan-Meier&#46; La comparaci&#243;n de estas curvas se hizo mediante la prueba del orden logar&#237;tmico&#46; El l&#237;mite de significaci&#243;n se estableci&#243; en 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de la poblaci&#243;n del estudio</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En total&#44; se analizaron 490 episodios de tratamiento en 445 pacientes&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se presentan las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales de los pacientes&#46; La mediana de edad fue de 76 a&#241;os &#40;C1-C3&#58; 70-80&#41;&#44; el 53&#37; de los pacientes eran varones&#44; la mediana de la puntuaci&#243;n CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASc fue de 4 &#40;C1-C3&#58; 3-5&#41; y la mediana de la puntuaci&#243;n HAS-BLED&#44; de 1 &#40;C1-C3&#58; 1-2&#41;&#46; En conjunto&#44; la mediana de seguimiento fue de 24 meses &#40;C1-C3&#58; 12-36&#41; y similar en todos los grupos de tratamiento&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> tambi&#233;n se presenta la distribuci&#243;n de los ACOD&#46; En la cohorte completa&#44; se prescribi&#243; la dosis convencional en el 60&#37; de los episodios y la presentaci&#243;n m&#225;s baja en el 40&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes tratados con apixab&#225;n 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg ten&#237;an una edad m&#225;s avanzada y tuvieron una puntuaci&#243;n CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASc m&#225;s alta y un menor aclaramiento de creatinina&#46; Los pacientes tratados con dabigatr&#225;n 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg y rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg eran m&#225;s j&#243;venes y tuvieron una puntuaci&#243;n CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASc m&#225;s baja y un mayor aclaramiento de creatinina&#46; En los pacientes tratados con apixab&#225;n 2&#44;5 hubo un porcentaje significativamente mayor de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos previos que en los tratados con apixab&#225;n 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg o rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 445 pacientes que empezaron a recibir ACOD&#44; 387 &#40;86&#44;9&#37;&#41; ya hab&#237;an recibido AVK y 58 &#40;13&#44;1&#37;&#41; comenzaron con la anticoagulaci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span>&#46; Los motivos m&#225;s frecuentes para sustituir AVK por ACOD fueron un control deficiente del INR en 308 pacientes &#40;79&#44;5&#37;&#41; y eventos tromboemb&#243;licos en 42 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#44; 42 pacientes cambiaron a un segundo ACOD&#59; de ellos&#44; 2 cambiaron a un tercer ACOD y a uno se le prescribi&#243; un cuarto ACOD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">tabla 1 complementaria</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">tabla 2 complementaria</a> se muestran los ajustes de dosis y los datos sobre cambios de tratamiento desde el primer cambio entre ACOD&#46; El ACOD al que se cambi&#243; con mayor frecuencia fue el apixab&#225;n&#46; Los motivos m&#225;s frecuentes para cambiar de tratamiento fueron toxicidad &#40;23&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; hemorragia &#40;21&#44;4&#37;&#41; y deterioro renal &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n las fichas t&#233;cnicas respectivas&#44; la dosis de los ACOD fue inadecuada en el 23&#44;8&#37; de los episodios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">tabla 3 complementaria</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a> se muestra la interrupci&#243;n de los ACOD antes de la finalizaci&#243;n del estudio&#46; Con 7 pacientes &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41; se perdi&#243; el contacto durante el seguimiento y 42 &#40;8&#44;6&#37;&#41; fallecieron&#44; 3 en el contexto de un ictus y uno en el de una hemorragia subaracnoidea&#46; Las dem&#225;s muertes se debieron a otras causas&#46; El tratamiento con ACOD se suspendi&#243; definitivamente en 107 episodios &#40;21&#44;8&#37;&#41; por los motivos tambi&#233;n indicados en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#46; Los m&#225;s frecuentes fueron&#58; hemorragia en el 4&#44;3&#37;&#44; empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal en el 3&#44;3&#37;&#44; toxicidad en el 2&#44;4&#37; e ictus en el 2&#44;2&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de ictus y AIT en la serie completa fueron de 1&#44;64 y 0&#44;54 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">tabla 4 complementaria</a>&#41;&#46; Dichas tasas fueron mucho mayores en los 3 pacientes tratados con dabigatr&#225;n 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;24&#44;14 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#41;&#46; En lo que respecta al resto de la serie&#44; las tasas fueron mayores con rivaroxab&#225;n 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg y dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; aunque la diferencia no alcanz&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;071 en la prueba del orden logar&#237;tmico&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis multifactorial&#44; que consisti&#243; en analizar el tiempo transcurrido hasta la aparici&#243;n de un evento tromboemb&#243;lico&#44; se incluyeron inicialmente las siguientes variables&#58; grupo de tratamiento&#44; edad&#44; sexo&#44; peso&#44; aclaramiento de creatinina&#44; puntuaci&#243;n CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASC&#44; evento tromboemb&#243;lico previo y uso previo de AVK&#46; Tras aplicar el modelo de selecci&#243;n retr&#243;grada autom&#225;tica&#44; se excluy&#243; el uso previo de AVK y el peso&#46; La puntuaci&#243;n CHA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>DS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>VASC&#44; el ictus previo y la edad se asociaron de forma independiente a un mayor riesgo de ictus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de hemorragias importantes&#44; NICR e intracraneales fueron de 2&#44;4&#44; 5 y 0&#44;5&#160;eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">tabla 5 complementaria</a>&#41;&#46; Estas tasas fueron mayores con dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; aunque la diferencia no alcanz&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;54 en la prueba del orden logar&#237;tmico&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis multifactorial&#44; que consisti&#243; en analizar el tiempo transcurrido hasta la aparici&#243;n de un evento hemorr&#225;gico importante o NICR&#44; se incluyeron inicialmente las siguientes variables&#58; grupo de tratamiento&#44; edad&#44; sexo&#44; peso&#44; aclaramiento de creatinina&#44; puntuaci&#243;n HAS-BLED&#44; uso previo de AVK y uso concomitante de antiagregantes plaquetarios&#46; Tras aplicar el modelo de selecci&#243;n retr&#243;grada autom&#225;tica&#44; se excluy&#243; la puntuaci&#243;n HAS-BLED&#44; el aclaramiento de creatinina&#44; el uso previo de AVK y el peso&#46; El uso concomitante de antiagregantes plaquetarios&#44; el sexo masculino y la edad se asociaron de forma independiente a un mayor riesgo de hemorragias <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Los resultados fueron los mismos en un modelo de selecci&#243;n anter&#243;grada&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se presentan los resultados de un programa de gesti&#243;n de ACOD en una cohorte de 445 pacientes &#40;490 episodios&#41; con FANV controlada en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#44; con un seguimiento previsto de hasta 3 a&#241;os&#44; en el servicio de hematolog&#237;a de un hospital regional espa&#241;ol &#40;Hospital Universitario de Sagunto&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41;&#46; En nuestro estudio hay 2 hallazgos principales&#59; en primer lugar&#44; a pesar de que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la poblaci&#243;n de inter&#233;s entre los estudios fundamentales y la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica cotidiana&#44; siguen siendo v&#225;lidos los mensajes clave de los primeros en cuanto a los beneficios asociados a los ACOD&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; la descripci&#243;n de un patr&#243;n prevalente de cambio de tratamiento entre ACOD&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se describe un ejemplo concreto de aplicaci&#243;n de las directrices internacionales en forma de un programa de consenso para la gesti&#243;n de los ACOD&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El uso de ACOD en Espa&#241;a es notablemente menor que en otros pa&#237;ses vecinos&#44; ya que el reembolso de las recetas requiere la aprobaci&#243;n de las autoridades sanitarias&#46; En consecuencia&#44; los estudios para evaluar el uso de ACOD en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica en la poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola son escasos&#46; Aunque se han publicado unos pocos estudios retrospectivos fundamentados en bases de datos que conten&#237;an historias cl&#237;nicas electr&#243;nicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;21</span></a> o registros prospectivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; la mayor&#237;a de estos estudios se han centrado exclusivamente en la distribuci&#243;n de los diferentes ACOD&#47;dosis prescritos y en las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;21</span></a> y tan solo en unos pocos se han analizado los ictus y eventos hemorr&#225;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13&#44;22</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> Hasta donde sabemos&#44; el estudio de Cerd&#225; et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; realizado en una cohorte de 1&#46;443 pacientes de un solo centro&#44; es el &#250;nico con una metodolog&#237;a comparable a la nuestra&#44; de modo que cont&#243; con unas caracter&#237;sticas iniciales y un seguimiento similares a los de nuestra cohorte de pacientes&#46; Mientras que&#44; en el estudio de Cerd&#225; et al&#46;&#44; el rivaroxab&#225;n fue el ACOD m&#225;s prescrito &#40;casi el 50&#37; de todas las prescripciones&#41;&#44; en nuestro estudio&#44; los diferentes ACOD estuvieron bien equilibrados&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cabe destacar que el perfil cl&#237;nico de los pacientes de nuestra serie difiri&#243; seg&#250;n el ACOD administrado&#46; Parece que estos diferentes perfiles no son aleatorios&#44; sino que est&#225;n en consonancia con publicaciones recientes en las que se han analizado las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes a los que se prescriben ACOD en la pr&#225;ctica habitual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes geri&#225;tricos existe un mayor margen de insuficiencia renal y un bajo riesgo de hemorragia digestiva del apixab&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; el cual&#44; junto con los datos del ensayo RELY<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; entra&#241;a un menor riesgo de ictus isqu&#233;mico&#44; con independencia de la edad&#46; Sin embargo&#44; una interacci&#243;n entre la edad y el riesgo de hemorragias podr&#237;a explicar las diferencias en las prescripciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestra poblaci&#243;n ten&#237;a una edad m&#225;s avanzada y una peor filtraci&#243;n glomerular que la de los estudios fundamentales&#46; La mediana de la puntuaci&#243;n CHADSVASC tambi&#233;n fue mayor&#44; lo que refleja el hecho de que los pacientes de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica presentan m&#225;s comorbilidad que los seleccionados en ensayos aleatorizados&#46; Sin embargo&#44; nuestras tasas de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos y tromb&#243;ticos fueron similares a las de los ensayos cl&#237;nicos&#46; En conjunto&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes de nuestro estudio difirieron de las de los ensayos fundamentales e indicaron un mayor riesgo potencial de complicaciones cl&#237;nicas en nuestros pacientes&#46; No obstante&#44; en lugar de observar los peores resultados esperados&#44; nuestros resultados confirman los beneficios de los ACOD en cuanto a una eficacia similar y unas menores tasas de eventos adversos que con el acenocumarol&#46; La contribuci&#243;n de los estudios de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica es de suma importancia&#44; tal y como demuestran las experiencias previas con otros f&#225;rmacos&#44; como cerivastatina en la hiperlipidemia o sibutramina y rimonabant en la obesidad&#46; En estos ejemplos&#44; la pr&#225;ctica cotidiana no confirm&#243; la seguridad y eficacia de estos f&#225;rmacos seg&#250;n hab&#237;an postulado los ensayos cl&#237;nicos&#46; Las consecuencias de extrapolar los resultados de ensayos aleatorizados a la poblaci&#243;n general afectada por FANV son de amplio alcance&#46; Una publicaci&#243;n reciente se&#241;ala la superioridad de los tres anticoagulantes directos respecto al acenocumarol en cuanto a coste&#47;efectividad en un entorno espa&#241;ol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; A falta de pruebas cient&#237;ficas basadas en datos cl&#237;nicos o econ&#243;micos&#44; parece que las restricciones administrativas en relaci&#243;n con los ACOD resultan innecesarias&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de ictus en nuestro estudio &#40;1&#44;6 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#41; fueron similares a las comunicadas en los ensayos fundamentales&#44; que oscilaron entre 1&#44;1 y 1&#44;7 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#46; De manera an&#225;loga&#44; las tasas de hemorragias importantes &#40;2&#44;4&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#41;&#44; NICR &#40;5&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#41; e intracraneales &#40;0&#44;5&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#41; en nuestro estudio estuvieron dentro de los intervalos comunicados en ensayos aleatorizados&#46; La edad y el ictus&#47;AIT previo fueron factores predictivos independientes de eficacia&#44; de acuerdo con estudios anteriores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque a&#250;n no se han aclarado totalmente los factores de riesgo de hemorragias durante el tratamiento con ACOD y se dispone de pocos datos sobre la utilidad cl&#237;nica de diversas puntuaciones de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico en este contexto&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n HAS-BLED es la m&#225;s utilizada y la que cuenta con mejores datos para predecir el riesgo de hemorragias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; la edad&#44; el uso concomitante de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico y el sexo masculino fueron factores predictivos independientes de hemorragias&#46; Numerosos estudios han puesto de relieve la mayor propensi&#243;n a las hemorragias de los pacientes de edad avanzada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;30&#44;31&#44;33&#44;34</span></a> y de los que reciben la combinaci&#243;n de anticoagulantes orales y antiagregantes plaquetarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#8211;37&#44;39</span></a>&#46; La influencia del sexo en las tasas de hemorragias es m&#225;s controvertida&#44; aunque hay algunos estudios que confirman nuestros resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque no se han realizado comparaciones directas entre ACOD&#44; en una serie de revisiones sistem&#225;ticas y metaan&#225;lisis de EAC y estudios observacionales se han comparado la eficacia y seguridad de ACOD&#46; En general&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con lo que ofrecen la warfarina y el apixab&#225;n&#44; los ACOD muestran el perfil m&#225;s favorable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#8211;43</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio no se observaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas entre ACOD concretos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se desconoce si con todos los ACOD hay tasas similares de cambio de tratamiento&#46; La informaci&#243;n al respecto en la bibliograf&#237;a es escasa&#44; aunque se trata de una cuesti&#243;n frecuente en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Una caracter&#237;stica distintiva de nuestro estudio es que se analiz&#243; la suspensi&#243;n definitiva de los ACOD&#44; los ajustes de dosis y los patrones de cambio entre ACOD&#46; En un metaan&#225;lisis reciente se revisaron estudios en los que se compar&#243; la prevalencia de cambio de un ACOD por otro en pacientes con FANV&#44; y revel&#243; que el cambio entre ACOD es frecuente&#44; de modo que llega a afectar al 11&#37; de los pacientes durante su vida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Entre los ACOD&#44; el apixab&#225;n entra&#241;&#243; un menor riesgo de cambio de un ACOD por otro que el dabigatr&#225;n y el rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; aunque en este estudio no se dispuso de datos sobre las causas espec&#237;ficas del cambio de tratamiento&#46; En otra serie de casos se constat&#243; una mayor tasa de cambio de tratamiento con el dabigatr&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados se asemejaron a los de nuestro estudio&#44; en el que casi el 10&#37; de los pacientes se sometieron a ajustes de la dosis o cambiaron a otro ACOD&#44; observ&#225;ndose los mayores porcentajes en los usuarios de dabigatr&#225;n &#40;13&#44;6&#37;&#41; y los menores&#44; en los pacientes tratados con apixab&#225;n &#40;3&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el apixab&#225;n fue el ACOD elegido con mayor frecuencia como opci&#243;n alternativa&#46; La menor tasa de hemorragias observada con el apixab&#225;n que con el rivaroxab&#225;n y el dabigatr&#225;n en varios estudios de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24&#44;47&#44;48</span></a> y su menor dependencia de la funci&#243;n renal podr&#237;an influir en estas decisiones terap&#233;uticas&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que respecta a la evaluaci&#243;n de la idoneidad de la dosis&#44; la incidencia de uso no recogido en la ficha t&#233;cnica en nuestro estudio fue del 23&#44;8&#37;&#44; siendo la infradosificaci&#243;n mucho m&#225;s frecuente &#40;22&#37;&#41; que la sobredosificaci&#243;n &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Estas cifras est&#225;n en consonancia con estudios anteriores en los que se comunic&#243; el uso de una dosis no recomendada hasta en el 30&#37; de los pacientes con FANV&#44; en su mayor&#237;a por infradosificaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;49</span></a>&#46; Un factor subyacente importante podr&#237;a ser un sesgo hacia una mayor preocupaci&#243;n por las hemorragias entre los m&#233;dicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; Hay que tener en cuenta que&#44; en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica real&#44; no siempre puede definirse la idoneidad de forma directa&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; en nuestro estudio&#44; 36 de los 56 &#40;64&#37;&#41; pacientes con infradosificaci&#243;n&#44; en sentido estricto&#44; de rivaroxab&#225;n ten&#237;an m&#225;s de 80 a&#241;os o un aclaramiento de creatinina de 50-60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#46; Debido al peque&#241;o tama&#241;o de la muestra&#44; no se analizaron diferencias en cuanto a resultados en estos casos&#46; Aunque los datos a este respecto no han sido uniformes&#44; existe preocupaci&#243;n por un posible aumento de los eventos hemorr&#225;gicos o tromboemb&#243;licos en estos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; hay que destacar que nuestro programa de gesti&#243;n de ACOD en pacientes con FANV est&#225; en consonancia con las directrices publicadas recientemente de la ESC&#44; que subrayan la importancia de prestar una asistencia integrada de la FA en todos los niveles sanitarios &#40;v&#237;a ABC&#41; para optimizar la seguridad y eficacia del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Aunque los pacientes tratados con ACOD&#44; a diferencia de los tratados con AVK&#44; no precisan controles anal&#237;ticos peri&#243;dicos&#44; resulta esencial que participen las consultas de anticoagulaci&#243;n y que proporcionen orientaci&#243;n sobre la gesti&#243;n de los ACOD&#46; Nuestro programa ofrece una referencia s&#243;lida y actualizada&#44; difunde los conocimientos&#44; est&#225; dirigido a todos los niveles asistenciales e integra gesti&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46; En nuestra opini&#243;n&#44; el seguimiento centralizado dentro de las unidades de hematolog&#237;a deber&#237;a estratificarse en funci&#243;n del nivel de riesgo de complicaciones tromboemb&#243;licas y hemorr&#225;gicas del paciente&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los puntos fuertes de nuestro estudio son&#44; en primer lugar&#44; que los datos cl&#237;nicos y anal&#237;ticos se recogieron de forma prospectiva&#44; lo que depara una buena calidad de los datos&#44; y&#44; en segundo lugar&#44; que las decisiones terap&#233;uticas siguieron un protocolo consensuado entre los m&#233;dicos participantes&#46; El peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; el breve per&#237;odo de seguimiento y las condiciones especiales que se aplican al sistema sanitario espa&#241;ol constituyen limitaciones de nuestro estudio que podr&#237;an reducir la generalizaci&#243;n de las conclusiones&#46; Otra limitaci&#243;n deriva del hecho de que en este estudio no pudo compararse el rendimiento de nuestro programa con la situaci&#243;n previa&#46; En consecuencia&#44; no pueden hacerse afirmaciones respecto a una posible superioridad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; nuestro estudio complementa los escasos datos disponibles sobre el uso de ACOD en pacientes con FANV en Espa&#241;a&#46; Adem&#225;s de confirmar un buen perfil de seguridad y eficacia&#44; analiza el patr&#243;n de cambio de tratamiento entre ACOD y ofrece un modelo s&#243;lido basado en un protocolo consensuado bajo la vigilancia de unidades especializadas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que no han recibido financiaci&#243;n para realizar este estudio&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que carecen de conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo consist&#237;a en evaluar un programa de gesti&#243;n de anticoagulantes orales directos &#40;ACOD&#41; en pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41; seg&#250;n sus perfiles&#44; idoneidad de la dosis&#44; patrones de cambio de tratamiento&#44; efectividad y seguridad&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trat&#243; de un estudio observacional&#44; prospectivo y longitudinal en una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica cotidiana en un hospital regional espa&#241;ol con un plan de seguimiento de 3 a&#241;os para pacientes que iniciaron el tratamiento con dabigatr&#225;n&#44; rivaroxab&#225;n o apixab&#225;n entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron 490 episodios de tratamiento &#40;apixab&#225;n 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 9&#44;4&#37;&#59; apixab&#225;n 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 21&#44;4&#37;&#59; dabigatr&#225;n 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 0&#44;6&#37;&#59; dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 12&#44;4&#37;&#59; dabigatr&#225;n 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 19&#44;8&#37;&#59; rivaroxab&#225;n 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 17&#44;8&#37;&#59; rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 18&#44;6&#37;&#41; en 445 pacientes&#46; En el 13&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes tratados con dabigatr&#225;n&#44; el 9&#44;7&#37; de los tratados con rivaroxab&#225;n y el 3&#44;9&#37; de los tratados con apixab&#225;n se cambi&#243; a otros ACOD o se modific&#243; la dosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ACOD al que se cambi&#243; con mayor frecuencia fue el apixab&#225;n&#46; Los motivos m&#225;s frecuentes para cambiar de tratamiento fueron toxicidad &#40;23&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; hemorragia &#40;21&#44;4&#37;&#41; y deterioro renal &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; En el 23&#44;8&#37; de los episodios se constat&#243; una inadecuaci&#243;n de la dosis&#46; Las tasas de ictus y accidentes isqu&#233;micos transitorios &#40;AIT&#41; fueron de 1&#44;64 y 0&#44;54 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#44; respectivamente&#44; mientras que las de hemorragias importantes&#44; no importantes&#44; pero cl&#237;nicamente relevantes &#40;NICR&#41; e intracraneales fueron de 2&#44;4&#44; 5 y 0&#44;5 eventos&#47;100 a&#241;os&#47;paciente&#44; respectivamente&#46; Las hemorragias digestivas y genitourinarias fueron el tipo m&#225;s frecuente de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multifactorial&#44; el ictus previo y la edad fueron factores predictivos independientes de ictus&#47;AIT&#46; El uso concomitante de antiagregantes plaquetarios&#44; el sexo masculino y la edad fueron factores predictivos independientes de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio complementa los escasos datos disponibles sobre el uso de ACOD en pacientes con FANV en Espa&#241;a y confirma su buen perfil de seguridad y efectividad&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Aims</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim is to evaluate a management program for direct oral anticoagulants &#40;DOACs&#41; in non-valvular atrial fibrillation &#40;NVAF&#41; patients according to their profiles&#44; appropriateness of dosing&#44; patterns of crossover&#44; effectiveness and safety&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is an observational and longitudinal prospective study in a cohort of patients attended in daily clinical practice in a regional hospital in Spain with 3-year a follow-up plan for patients initiating dabigatran&#44; rivaroxaban or apixaban between Jan&#47;2012 and Dec&#47;2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed 490 episodes of treatment &#40;apixaban 2&#46;5&#44; 9&#46;4&#37;&#59; apixaban 5&#44; 21&#46;4&#37;&#59; dabigatran 75&#44; 0&#46;6&#37;&#59; dabigatran 110&#44; 12&#46;4&#37;&#59; dabigatran 150&#44; 19&#46;8&#37;&#59; rivaroxaban 15&#44; 17&#46;8&#37; and rivaroxaban 20&#44; 18&#46;6&#37;&#41; in 445 patients&#46; 13&#46;6&#37; of patients on dabigatran&#44; 9&#46;7&#37; on rivaroxaban&#44; and 3&#46;9&#37; on apixaban switched to other DOACs or changed dosing&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apixaban was the most frequent DOAC switched to&#46; The most frequent reasons for switching were toxicity &#40;23&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; bleeding &#40;21&#46;4&#37;&#41; and renal deterioration &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Inappropriateness of dose was found in 23&#46;8&#37; of episodes&#46; Rates of stroke&#47;transient ischemic attack &#40;TIA&#41; were 1&#46;64&#47;0&#46;54 events&#47;100 patients-years&#44; while rates of major&#44; clinically relevant non-major &#40;CRNM&#41; bleeding and intracranial bleeding were 2&#46;4&#44; 5&#44; and 0&#46;5 events&#47;100 patients-years&#46; Gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding were the most common type of bleeding events &#40;BE&#41;&#46; On multivariable analysis&#44; prior stroke and age were independent predictors of stroke&#47;TIA&#46; Concurrent platelet inhibitors&#44; male gender and age were independent predictors of BE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study complements the scant data available on the use of DOACs in NVAF patients in Spain&#44; confirming a good safety and effectiveness profile&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de flujo del estudio&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Grupos del estudio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Apixab&#225;n5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Dabigatr&#225;n 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Edad&#58; hubo diferencias significativas en todas las comparaciones&#44; excepto entre D150 y R20 y entre D110 y R15&#46; Los pacientes que recibieron A2&#44;5 ten&#237;an una edad significativamente mayor que los de todos los dem&#225;s grupos y los que recibieron D150 y R20 eran significativamente m&#225;s j&#243;venes que los de todos los dem&#225;s grupos &#40;Ax2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D110 y R15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ax5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D150 y R20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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              "etiqueta" => "e"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Puntuaci&#243;n HAS-BLED&#58; hubo diferencias significativas entre A2&#44;5 y A5&#44; R20 y D150&#44; entre R15 y R20 y D150 y entre D110 y R20 y D150 &#40;A2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D110 y R15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D150 y R20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>445&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 pacientes &#40;13&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">387 pacientes &#40;86&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Motivos para cambiar a ACOD&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control deficiente del INR con buen cumplimiento del AVK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">308 &#40;79&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Complicaci&#243;n tromboemb&#243;lica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus hemorr&#225;gico previo o alto riesgo de hemorragia intracraneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;3&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alergia o intolerancia al AVK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dificultades de seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Motivos del cambio de tratamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176; de pacientes &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toxicidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;23&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemorragia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;21&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;21&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aumento del aclaramiento de creatinina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;9&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemorragia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>aumento del aclaramiento de creatinina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anemia ferrop&#233;nica sin hemorragia evidente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Nueve de los 10 casos de toxicidad estuvieron relacionados con dispepsia por dabigatr&#225;n&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descripci&#243;n de los motivos del cambio de tratamiento entre ACOD</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AVK&#58; antagonistas de la vitamina K&#59; CrCl&#58; aclaramiento de creatinina&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 29 episodios&#44; el seguimiento se interrumpi&#243; antes de transcurrir 3 meses desde el inicio del tratamiento con el ACOD&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Apixab&#225;n2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Apixab&#225;n5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dabigatr&#225;n110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dabigatr&#225;n110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rivaroxab&#225;n15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rivaroxab&#225;n20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dabigatr&#225;n 75 mg&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>490&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total con interrupci&#243;n del seguimiento &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Motivos de la interrupci&#243;n&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anemia sin hemorragia manifiesta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemorragia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>empeoramiento del CrCl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Dabigatr&#225;n 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;541&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;094-3&#44;116&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;491&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;052-1&#44;359&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;916&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;698-5&#44;258&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aclaramiento de creatinina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;997-1&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;080&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tromboembolia previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;517-11&#44;791&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mgApixab&#225;n 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;0&#44;051-1&#44;148&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;0&#44;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Apixab&#225;n 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;959&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;382-2&#44;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Dabigatr&#225;n 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;628-4&#44;175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Rivaroxab&#225;n 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;591-4&#44;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;375&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;072&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;022-1&#44;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;180-3&#44;722&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antiagregantes plaquetarios&#44; s&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;277-21&#44;838&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055">En el grupo de tratamiento con rivaroxab&#225;n 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg no se observaron eventos tromboemb&#243;licos&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0060">Se eligi&#243; &#171;Dabigatr&#225;n 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#187; como categor&#237;a de referencia porque este grupo de tratamiento con dabigatr&#225;n tuvo la mayor proporci&#243;n de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "An international longitudinal registry of patients with atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke &#40;GARFIELD&#41;&#58; The UK protocol"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "P&#46;N&#46; Apenteng"
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                            2 => "R&#46; Holder"
                            3 => "F&#46;D&#46;R&#46; Hobbs"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;J&#46; Connolly"
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                            2 => "S&#46; Yusuf"
                            3 => "J&#46; Eikelboom"
                            4 => "J&#46; Oldgren"
                            5 => "A&#46; Parekh"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/nejmoa0905561"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
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