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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genetic predisposition plays a key role in susceptibility to alcoholism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and ethanol-induced organ damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Previous association studies on alcoholism susceptibility have focused on candidate genes with potential involvement in brain reward systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Genetic studies on alcoholic liver disease &#40;ALD&#41; have mainly analyzed variants in genes encoding liver enzymes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> and inflammatory response mediators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; in both cases&#44; the complete profiles of the genetic variants underlying disease susceptibility remain unknown&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Single nucleotide polymorphisms &#40;SNPs&#41; in interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-encoding genes and interleukin receptors have been studied because of their potential relationship with the alcohol-induced inflammatory response&#46; In particular&#44; researchers have studied SNPs within IL-encoding genes involved in the Toll-like receptor 4 &#40;TLR4&#41; and nuclear factor &#40;NF&#41;-&#954;B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> pathway&#44; which is activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide &#40;LPS&#41;&#46; Alcohol consumption increases LPS blood levels&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and TLR4&#47;NF-&#954;B pathway activation determines the secretion of certain inflammatory cytokines&#44; such as tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945;&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; are able to activate apoptosis&#44; increase oxidative stress and cause liver damage through Kupffer cell activation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> The relevance of this pathway in ALD pathogenesis has been clearly established&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and its potential association with alcohol dependence has also been studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Certain micro-RNA &#40;miRNA&#41; molecules play important roles in inflammation by downregulating TLR4&#47;NF-&#954;B pathway mediators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Accordingly&#44; SNPs within miRNA genes or within IL-encoding genes located near a specific miRNA binding site could modify the inflammatory response to diverse stimuli&#44; including alcohol intake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Specifically&#44; allelic variant rs1368439 in the IL-12B-encoding gene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span>&#41; is located near the binding site of miR-23&#44; which has been linked to inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> The rs1131445 polymorphism of the IL-16-encoding gene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span>&#41; is located in a target region for miR-125&#44; which has also been associated with the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The rs3917328 variant within the IL-1 receptor type 1-encoding gene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span>&#41; is located in a target region for miR-19&#46; This SNP potentially influences the TLR4-mediated pathway because of the similarity between IL1R1 and TLR4&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> The allelic variant rs4648143 of the NF-&#954;B subunit 1 encoding gene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span>&#41; is located near the target region for miR-557&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering these data&#44; we hypothesized that the above SNPs could therefore modulate alcohol-induced inflammation and modify the risk of ethanol-induced damage&#46; The present study was therefore designed to analyze the potential relationships between alcoholism or ALD and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span> 2124 G&#62;T &#40;rs1368439&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span> 5000 C&#62;T &#40;rs1131445&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> 3114 C&#62;T &#40;rs3917328&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> 3400 A&#62;G &#40;rs4648143&#41; polymorphisms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients and controls</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We enrolled 301 male patients with alcoholism &#40;mean age&#44; 52&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#44; standard deviation &#91;SD&#93;&#44; 14&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41; who had consumed more than 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of ethanol per day for at least 10 years&#46; The patients were followed-up in the Alcoholism Unit of the University Hospital of Salamanca&#46; Of these&#44; 189 had alcoholic dependence &#40;AD&#41; and 112 had alcohol abuse &#40;AA&#41;&#44; according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; Fourth Edition &#40;DSM-IV&#41; criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> These criteria were valid during the study period and implemented through semistructured interviews conducted by trained staff members&#46; Patients with a diagnosis of addiction to other drugs &#40;apart from nicotine&#41; or major axis I disorders &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; schizophrenia&#44; mood disorders and major anxiety disorders&#41;&#44; established after a comprehensive psychiatric examination&#44; were excluded&#46; A total of 103 patients had alcoholic liver cirrhosis&#44; which was diagnosed through liver biopsy in 93 cases and by clinical&#44; analytical and radiological criteria in 10 patients who had contraindications for biopsy&#46; The other 198 patients with alcoholism were classified as not having ALD by clinical&#44; analytical and radiological criteria&#46; The results of the hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus tests were negative for all patients&#46; Other liver disease etiologies were ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The control group consisted of 156 healthy male volunteers &#40;mean age&#44; 46&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#59; SD&#44; 19&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41;&#44; all of whom consumed less than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of ethanol per day&#46; Neither they nor any of their first or second-degree relatives had a history of AA or AD&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients and controls were at least the third generation born in Castilla-Le&#243;n &#40;northwestern Spain&#41; and provided informed consent for study participation&#46; The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of University Hospital of Salamanca&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Genetic analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genomic DNA was extracted from nucleated peripheral blood cells using standard proteinase K digestion&#44; phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation&#46; Samples were stored at &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until use and then analyzed simultaneously &#40;controls and patients with or without ALD&#41; on PCR plates to ensure detection in a blinded fashion&#46; The rs1368439&#44; rs1131445&#44; rs3917328 and rs4648143 polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan MGB<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> assays for allelic discrimination with the StepOnePlus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> System &#40;Applied Biosystems&#44; Foster City&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The allelic and genotypic distribution between the groups was compared with the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test if the expected frequency value was &#60;5&#46; The deviation from the Hardy&#8211;Weinberg equilibrium in genotype frequencies among the controls was analyzed with the chi-squared test&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;&#46;05 was considered significant&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comparative analysis was performed between the patients with alcoholism and the controls&#44; between the patients with AA and those with AD and between the patients with cirrhosis and those without ALD&#46; The independent contribution of genetic variants to each specific phenotype was assessed using logistic analysis to determine the dominant or recessive inheritance of specific alleles&#46; Using the analysis of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> polymorphism as an example&#44; we included the arbitrary effects of the heterozygous participants in the general model&#46; The 3 possible genotypes &#40;CC&#44; CT&#44; TT&#41; were denoted by 3 dummy variables &#40;0&#44; 1&#44; 2&#41;&#46; The dominant model was based on the hypothesis that the CT and TT genotypes contributed equally to the risk of alcoholic cirrhosis&#44; and the genotypes were coded as follows&#58; CC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44; CT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 and TT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; The recessive model was not calculated because of the absence of the TT genotype among the controls&#46; The strength of association was calculated with the odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; and 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CIs&#41;&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 was considered significant&#46; The analyses were performed using SPSS v&#46; 20&#46;0 &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical power of this study to detect a polymorphism conferring an OR of 2 for the presence of alcoholism was calculated by the Power and Sample Size Calculations software&#44; version 3&#46;0&#46;43 &#40;<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize">http&#58;&#47;&#47;biostat&#46;mc&#46;vanderbilt&#46;edu&#47;twiki&#47;bin&#47;view&#47;Main&#47;PowerSampleSize</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Assuming an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> of 0&#46;05 and a prevalence of the less frequent allele among controls of 0&#46;2&#44; the statistical power was 81&#37; for the study population &#40;number of patients with alcoholism&#44; 301&#59; number of healthy controls&#44; 156&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The genotypic distributions of the analyzed polymorphisms among the patients with alcoholism and the healthy controls are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The healthy controls showed genotype frequencies similar to those previously reported among healthy white populations&#46; No significant deviation from the Hardy&#8211;Weinberg equilibrium was found&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span> 2124 G&#62;T &#40;rs1368439&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span> 5000 C&#62;T &#40;rs1131445&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> 3400 A&#62;G &#40;rs4648143&#41; polymorphisms showed no significant differences between the study groups &#40;participants with an alcohol use disorder vs&#46; healthy controls&#44; patients with AA vs&#46; those with AD or patients with alcoholic cirrhosis vs&#46; those without ALD&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; the allelic distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> 3114 C&#62;T &#40;rs3917328&#41; polymorphisms showed that the proportion of allele T carriers &#40;CT and TT genotypes&#41; was higher in the healthy controls &#40;9&#46;7&#37;&#41; than in the patients with alcoholism &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;042&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the multivariable logistic regression analyses did not confirm this difference &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we analyzed the relationship between the genetic polymorphisms rs1368439&#44; rs1131445&#44; rs3917328&#44; and rs4648143 and the presence of alcoholism and ALD&#46; Our approach&#44; which has been followed by other authors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> was to select polymorphisms based on their location near miRNA-binding sites that are potentially associated with alcoholism and ALD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;28&#44;29</span></a> Despite the potential role of these polymorphisms in alcoholism and&#44; specifically&#44; ALD development&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#8211;32</span></a> we found no significant association&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a general perspective&#44; our results could be explained by a lack of association between the analyzed polymorphisms and these diseases&#58; the selected polymorphisms might not have a strong impact on cytokine function&#44; or this impact might depend on other potential genetic or environmental factors associated with IL function&#46; The complexity of miRNA regulation could also explain our results&#46; Each miRNA can bind to several targets in different genes&#44; and it is known that each binding site should be targeted by several miRNAs to perform its action&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Thus&#44; a variation in a single SNP might not be enough to cause a variation in protein target function&#46; Finally&#44; the lack of association observed in our study could be due to the specific limitations of case-control genetic association studies&#46; Nonetheless&#44; the presence of population stratification or potential confounders seems unlikely&#46; We controlled for several potential factors &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; age and sex&#41;&#44; and the allele frequencies in our population are similar to those previously reported in white populations&#46; Regrettably&#44; we did not collect serum or tissue samples to determine interleukin or miRNA concentrations&#44; which would have helped us to better understand the role of these SNPs in alcohol-induced inflammation&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span> polymorphisms&#44; few previous studies have analyzed the relationship of genetic variants with ALD or alcoholism&#44; and those studies found no significant relationship&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Although both cytokines seem to play a role in ethanol-induced damage&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a> their relevance might not be enough to modulate genetic susceptibility to these diseases&#46; In contrast&#44; genetic variants of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> have been associated with AD or ALD in previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;36</span></a> and the relationship between NF-&#954;B and alcohol-induced inflammation is the cornerstone of the TLR4 pathway&#46; Therefore&#44; the lack of significance obtained in the analysis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> polymorphism &#40;rs4648143&#41; could be explained by the low frequency of the minor allele observed in this SNP or a lack of effect of this specific genetic variant&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> polymorphism&#44; a higher frequency of the T allele was found in the healthy controls compared with the patients with alcoholism&#46; This result was not significant after the multivariable analysis&#44; in which we introduced age as a potential confounding factor&#46; However&#44; previous studies have shown the involvement of IL-1 and its receptor in ALD and alcoholism&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;37</span></a> and this association is biologically plausible&#46; The function of IL1-R1 is closely linked to the TLR4&#47;NF-&#954;B pathway because of the analogous structures of both receptors&#58; IL1-R1 can be stimulated by the same inflammatory mediators as TLR4&#44; such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;40</span></a> Moreover&#44; bacterial LPS can activate both receptors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> IL-1 has a relevant function in the inflammatory response that leads to the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Considering these data&#44; it seems plausible that changes in IL1-R1 function&#44; such as those induced by the presence of SNPs&#44; could lead to an increase in the inflammatory response&#46; The higher frequency of the T allele in healthy controls could therefore be interpreted as a potential protective factor against developing alcoholism and ALD&#46; Further studies are warranted to analyze this association in combination with other IL-1 and IL1-R1 polymorphisms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although negative&#44; the results described in this study elucidate the relevance of miRNA and miRNA binding site polymorphisms in alcoholism and ALD&#46; Our study describes&#44; for the first time&#44; the expected frequencies for certain polymorphisms in patients with alcoholism with and without ALD&#46; Further studies should be conducted to clarify their potential relevance in the development of alcoholism and ALD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation&#44; Health Institute Carlos III and by the European Regional Development Fund&#44; &#8220;A way to make Europe&#8221; &#40;grant numbers PI16&#47;01548 for M&#46;M&#46; and PI10&#47;00219 for RG-S&#41;&#44; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca II14&#47;0006 para M&#46;M&#46;&#44; Government of Castilla y Le&#243;n INT&#47;M&#47;17&#47;17 for M&#46;M&#46; and the Addictive Disorders Network-RTA &#40;grant number RD12&#47;0028&#47;0008 for F&#46;-J&#46;L&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption promotes inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 4 &#40;TLR4&#41;&#47;nuclear factor &#40;NF&#41;-&#954;B pathway&#44; leading to organic damage&#46; Some micro-RNA &#40;miRNA&#41; molecules modulate this inflammatory response by downregulating TLR4&#47;NF-&#954;B pathway mediators&#44; like interleukins &#40;ILs&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; polymorphisms within IL genes located near miRNA binding sites could modify the risk of ethanol-induced damage&#46; The present study analyzed potential relationships between alcoholism or alcoholic liver disease &#40;ALD&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span> 2124 G&#62;T &#40;rs1368439&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span> 5000 C&#62;T &#40;rs1131445&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> 3114 C&#62;T &#40;rs3917328&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> 3400 A&#62;G &#40;rs4648143&#41; polymorphisms&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 301 male alcoholic patients and 156 male healthy volunteers&#46; Polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> PCR assays for allelic discrimination&#46; Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups&#46; Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the inheritance model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> &#40;rs3917328&#41; polymorphism showed that the proportion of allele T carriers &#40;CT and TT genotypes&#41; was higher in healthy controls &#40;9&#46;7&#37;&#41; than in alcoholic patients &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;042&#41;&#46; However&#44; multivariable logistic regression analyses did not yield a significant result&#46; No differences between groups were found for other analyzed polymorphisms&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our study describes&#44; for the first time&#44; the expected frequencies of certain polymorphisms within miRNA-binding sites in alcoholic patients with and without ALD&#46; Further studies should be developed to clarify the potential relevance of these polymorphisms in alcoholism and ALD development&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El consumo de alcohol induce una respuesta inflamatoria mediada por los receptores de tipo Toll 4 &#40;TLR4&#41; y el factor nuclear &#40;NF&#41;-&#954;B&#44; originando da&#241;o org&#225;nico&#46; Algunos micro-ARN &#40;miARN&#41; modulan la respuesta inflamatoria mediante retroalimentaci&#243;n negativa de mediadores como las interleucinas &#40;IL&#41;&#46; As&#237; pues&#44; polimorfismos en los genes de algunas IL localizados cerca de las dianas de los miARN podr&#237;an modificar el riesgo de da&#241;o org&#225;nico inducido por el alcohol&#46; Este estudio analiz&#243; la posible relaci&#243;n entre el alcoholismo o la enfermedad hep&#225;tica alcoh&#243;lica &#40;EHA&#41; y los polimorfismos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span> 2124 G&#62;T &#40;rs1368439&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span> 5000 C&#62;T &#40;rs1131445&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> 3114 C&#62;T &#40;rs3917328&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB1</span> 3400 A&#62;G &#40;rs4648143&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 301 pacientes alcoh&#243;licos varones y 156 voluntarios sanos varones&#46; Los polimorfismos fueron genotipados mediante discriminaci&#243;n al&#233;lica utilizando el sistema de PCR TaqMan<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Se compararon las frecuencias al&#233;licas y genot&#237;picas entre grupos y se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para dilucidar el modelo de herencia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis del polimorfismo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span> &#40;rs3917328&#41; mostr&#243; que la proporci&#243;n de portadores del alelo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T &#40;genotipos CT y TT&#41; era mayor en los controles sanos &#40;9&#44;7&#37;&#41; que en pacientes alcoh&#243;licos &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#41;&#46; Sin embargo el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no mostr&#243; resultados significativos&#46; No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos con respecto al resto de polimorfismos estudiados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio describe&#44; por primera vez&#44; las frecuencias esperadas de polimorfismos en regiones diana de miARN en pacientes alcoh&#243;licos con y sin EHA&#46; Ser&#225;n necesarios nuevos estudios para aclarar la relevancia de estos polimorfismos en el desarrollo de alcoholismo o EHA&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Novo-Veleiro I&#44; Cieza-Borrella C&#44; Pastor I&#44; Gonz&#225;lez-Sarmiento R&#44; Laso F-J&#44; Marcos M&#46; An&#225;lisis de la relaci&#243;n entre polimorfismos en regiones diana de micro-ARN y la enfermedad hep&#225;tica alcoh&#243;lica&#46; Rev Cl&#237;n Esp&#46; 2018&#59;218&#58;170&#8211;176&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9830;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar1005">Both are senior co-authors of this manuscript&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0030"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AC&#44; patients with alcoholism and cirrhosis&#59; AUDs&#44; patients with alcohol use disorders&#59; NALD&#44; patients with alcoholism but no alcoholic liver disease&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AUDs vs&#46; controls</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AC vs&#46; NALD</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AUDs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B rs1368439</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43 &#40;28&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;741&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;25&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;756&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;34&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;431&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65 &#40;41&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;49&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95 &#40;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94 &#40;60&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL12B</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL16</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IL1R1</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NFKB</span> polymorphisms in patients with alcohol use disorders and controls&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AUDs&#44; patients with alcohol use disorders&#59; NC&#44; not calculated because of the absence of TT genotype in the controls&#59; OR&#44; odds ratio&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as absolute frequencies &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The recessive model was not calculated due to the absence of TT genotype in controls&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genotype frequencies of the C&#62;T IL1R1 polymorphism by disease status and logistic regression analysis in patients with alcohol use disorders&#46;</p>"
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    ]
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:42 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46;A&#46; Prescott"
                            1 => "K&#46;S&#46; Kendler"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1176/ajp.156.1.34"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Genetic predisposition to organ-specific endpoints of alcoholism"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "T&#46; Reed"
                            1 => "W&#46;F&#46; Page"
                            2 => "R&#46;J&#46; Viken"
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                          ]
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                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Approach to the genetics of alcoholism&#58; a review based on pathophysiology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;D&#46; K&#246;hnke"
                          ]
                        ]
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.021"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "160"
                        "paginaFinal" => "177"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17669369"
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              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Combined effect of ADH1B RS1229984&#44; RS2066702 and ADH1C RS1693482&#47;RS698 alleles on alcoholism and chronic liver diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46; T&#243;th"
                            1 => "S&#46; Fiatal"
                            2 => "B&#46; Petrovski"
                            3 => "M&#46; McKee"
                            4 => "R&#46; Ad&#225;ny"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3233/DMA-2011-0828"
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                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "267"
                        "paginaFinal" => "277"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048268"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "etiqueta" => "5"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Genetic polymorphisms of genes coding to alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in western Mexicans&#58; association of CYP2E1&#42;c2&#47;CYP2E1&#42;5B allele with cirrhosis and liver function"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Garc&#237;a-Ba&#241;uelos"
                            1 => "A&#46; Panduro"
                            2 => "D&#46; Gordillo-Bastidas"
                            3 => "E&#46; Gordillo-Bastidas"
                            4 => "J&#46;F&#46; Mu&#241;oz-Valle"
                            5 => "C&#46;M&#46; Gurrola-D&#237;az"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01617.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Alcohol Clin Exp Res"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "425"
                        "paginaFinal" => "431"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21895718"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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Journal Information
Vol. 218. Issue 4.
Pages 170-176 (May 2018)
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Vol. 218. Issue 4.
Pages 170-176 (May 2018)
Original article
Analysis of the relationship between interleukin polymorphisms within miRNA-binding regions and alcoholic liver disease
Análisis de la relación entre polimorfismos en regiones diana de micro-ARN y la enfermedad hepática alcohólica
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I. Novo-Veleiroa, C. Cieza-Borrellab, I. Pastorc, R. González-Sarmientob, F.J. Lasoc,, M. Marcosc,
Corresponding author
mmarcos@usal.es

Corresponding author.
a Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
b Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
c Unidad de Alcoholismo, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies of IL12B, IL16, IL1R1, and NFKB polymorphisms in patients with alcohol use disorders and controls.
Table 2. Genotype frequencies of the C>T IL1R1 polymorphism by disease status and logistic regression analysis in patients with alcohol use disorders.
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Abstract
Introduction

Alcohol consumption promotes inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, leading to organic damage. Some micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules modulate this inflammatory response by downregulating TLR4/NF-κB pathway mediators, like interleukins (ILs). Thus, polymorphisms within IL genes located near miRNA binding sites could modify the risk of ethanol-induced damage. The present study analyzed potential relationships between alcoholism or alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and IL12B 2124 G>T (rs1368439), IL16 5000 C>T (rs1131445), IL1R1 3114 C>T (rs3917328), and NFKB1 3400 A>G (rs4648143) polymorphisms.

Patients and methods

The study included 301 male alcoholic patients and 156 male healthy volunteers. Polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan® PCR assays for allelic discrimination. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the inheritance model.

Results

Analysis of the IL1R1 (rs3917328) polymorphism showed that the proportion of allele T carriers (CT and TT genotypes) was higher in healthy controls (9.7%) than in alcoholic patients (6.5%; p=.042). However, multivariable logistic regression analyses did not yield a significant result. No differences between groups were found for other analyzed polymorphisms.

Conclusions

Our study describes, for the first time, the expected frequencies of certain polymorphisms within miRNA-binding sites in alcoholic patients with and without ALD. Further studies should be developed to clarify the potential relevance of these polymorphisms in alcoholism and ALD development.

Keywords:
Interleukin
Genetic polymorphism
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholism
Inflammatory response
Resumen
Introducción

El consumo de alcohol induce una respuesta inflamatoria mediada por los receptores de tipo Toll 4 (TLR4) y el factor nuclear (NF)-κB, originando daño orgánico. Algunos micro-ARN (miARN) modulan la respuesta inflamatoria mediante retroalimentación negativa de mediadores como las interleucinas (IL). Así pues, polimorfismos en los genes de algunas IL localizados cerca de las dianas de los miARN podrían modificar el riesgo de daño orgánico inducido por el alcohol. Este estudio analizó la posible relación entre el alcoholismo o la enfermedad hepática alcohólica (EHA) y los polimorfismos IL12B 2124 G>T (rs1368439), IL16 5000 C>T (rs1131445), IL1R1 3114 C>T (rs3917328) y NFKB1 3400 A>G (rs4648143).

Pacientes y métodos

Se incluyeron 301 pacientes alcohólicos varones y 156 voluntarios sanos varones. Los polimorfismos fueron genotipados mediante discriminación alélica utilizando el sistema de PCR TaqMan®. Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas entre grupos y se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para dilucidar el modelo de herencia.

Resultados

El análisis del polimorfismo de IL1R1 (rs3917328) mostró que la proporción de portadores del aleloT (genotipos CT y TT) era mayor en los controles sanos (9,7%) que en pacientes alcohólicos (6,5%, p=0,042). Sin embargo el análisis de regresión logística no mostró resultados significativos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos con respecto al resto de polimorfismos estudiados.

Conclusiones

Nuestro estudio describe, por primera vez, las frecuencias esperadas de polimorfismos en regiones diana de miARN en pacientes alcohólicos con y sin EHA. Serán necesarios nuevos estudios para aclarar la relevancia de estos polimorfismos en el desarrollo de alcoholismo o EHA.

Palabras clave:
Interleucina
Polimorfismo genético
Enfermedad hepática alcohólica
Alcoholismo
Respuesta inflamatoria

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