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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The contribution of alcohol abuse to morbidity&#44; mortality and social problems is vast and has become an alarming issue for society&#46; Alcohol is still the most often consumed drug in Spain&#46; Among 15- to 64-year-olds&#44; 78&#37; have drunk alcohol in the past year&#44; and 9&#37; drink daily &#40;EDADES study 2015&#8211;2016&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The main objective of the 2017&#8211;2024 National Strategy on Addictions &#40;approved in February 2018&#41; is for Spain to become a healthier&#44; more well-informed and safer society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Thus&#44; the aim of this study was to update the figures on morbidity and mortality caused by alcohol abuse in Spain&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of the methodology&#44; the mortality data were extracted from the causes of deaths for Spanish residents provided annually by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics &#40;INE&#41;&#46; These causes were encoded using the International Classification of Diseases&#44; 10th edition &#40;ICD-10&#41;&#46; The total number of alcohol-related deaths in the scientific literature is an indicator used by the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; to monitor and compare deaths related to alcohol consumption and includes the ICD-10 codes&#58; C15 &#40;esophageal cancer&#41;&#59; C32 &#40;laryngeal cancer&#41;&#59; F10 &#40;mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use&#41;&#59; K70 &#40;alcoholic liver disease&#41;&#59; K73&#44; K74&#44; K76 &#40;cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases&#41;&#59; and V00-Y99 &#40;external causes&#41;&#46; The data were obtained for the 2000&#8211;2014 period from the successive reports &#8220;Patterns of Mortality in Spain &#40;2008&#44; 2010 and 2015&#41;&#8221; &#40;Ministry of Health&#44; Social Services and Equality&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> For 2016&#44; the data were calculated with identical methodology based on data from the INE&#46; From the 2015 minimum basic data set for hospital discharges of the Spanish National Health System &#40;SNHS&#41;&#44; the following alcohol-related discharges were counted&#58; &#40;ICD-9MC codes&#41;&#58; esophageal cancer &#40;150&#41;&#44; stomach cancer &#40;151&#41;&#44; liver cancer &#40;155&#41;&#44; alcoholic liver disease &#40;571&#46;0&#8211;3&#41;&#59; mental disorders &#40;291&#41;&#44; alcohol dependence syndrome &#40;303&#41; and other alcohol-related disorders &#40;660&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The hospital costs were calculated based on the official figures indicated by the SNHS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of the results&#44; there were 23&#44;876 alcohol-related deaths in 2016 &#40;68&#46;3&#37; of the cases involved males&#41;&#44; which constitutes 5&#46;8&#37; of overall mortality &#40;23&#44;876&#47;410&#44;611 deaths&#41;&#46; Some 39&#46;1&#37; of the deaths occurred in the 20&#8211;64-year age range&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the productive working years&#46; So far in the 21th century&#44; there have been 419&#44;528 alcohol-related deaths &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The age-adjusted mortality rates showed a 20&#46;3&#37; reduction between 2000 and 2016&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; there were 141&#44;000&#8211;310&#46;000 emergency department visits related to alcohol use &#40;0&#46;05&#8211;1&#46;1&#37; of 28&#44;223&#44;086 emergency department visits in the SNHS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> There were 51&#44;038 alcohol-related hospitalizations&#44; costing &#8364;371<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>million &#40;2&#46;0&#37; of total hospital expenditures&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It has been estimated that the financial impact for 2016 of excessive alcohol use is &#8364;11&#46;185<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>billion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;1&#37; of GDP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is therefore alarming that&#44; of the 4&#46;6 million breathalyzer checks performed by the General Directorate of Traffic &#40;GDT&#41; in 2016&#44; 1&#46;5&#37; were positive&#44; increasing to 5&#46;3&#37; for drivers involved in accidents or infractions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Approximately 30&#37; of traffic accident deaths are attributed to alcohol &#40;543&#47;1810 deaths &#91;GDT&#44; 2016&#93;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and approximately 40&#37; of domestic violence is considered to involve alcohol &#40;European Alcohol Policy Alliance&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;13&#44;405&#47;33&#44;512 criminal offenses charged against the accused &#91;INE&#44; 2016&#93;&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; there is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder&#8212;a broader concept than fetal alcohol syndrome &#40;FAS&#41;&#8212;which encompasses fetal neurodevelopment dysfunction due to alcohol use by pregnant women&#44; which can cause permanent abnormalities but without the typical characteristics of FAS&#46; The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is estimated at 1&#37; of all births &#40;4106&#47;410&#44;583 birth &#91;INE&#44; 2016&#93;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Lastly&#44; alcohol is believed to be involved in 1 of every 6 suicides &#40;596&#47;3569 suicides &#91;INE&#44; 2016&#93;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is estimated that alcohol caused 3257 million deaths worldwide in 2016 &#40;5&#46;2&#37; of the total&#41; and was responsible for 99&#46;2 million disability adjusted life years &#40;4&#46;2&#37; of the total&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> According to the WHO&#44; Spain is in the mean range of alcohol consumption worldwide &#40;102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;inhabitant&#47;year&#41;&#44; similar to that of past years&#44; although above neighboring countries such as Italy&#44; France and Portugal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In Spain&#44; approximately 1&#46;6 million individuals &#40;5&#37; of the total&#41; have hazardous drinking habits &#40;AUDIT questionnaire score &#8805;8&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Another recent study provided even more worrying figures&#44; showing that 17&#46;1&#37; of the population had hazardous drinking behaviors &#40;according to the WHO&#44; regular consumption &#62;140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;week &#91;women&#93; or 280<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;week &#91;men&#93;&#41;&#59; however&#44; 76&#37; did not view their alcohol intake as excessive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A study also noted the marked underestimation of the amount ingested&#44; such that the self-reported amount had to be increased by 85&#37; to reflect reality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In Spanish society&#44; controlled alcohol intake is an established&#44; socially accepted activity with unquestionable economic benefits&#46; It is estimated&#44; for example&#44; that the beer sector alone represents 1&#46;4&#37; of the GDP &#40;&#8364;15&#44;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>million&#41; and creates 344&#44;000 jobs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Therefore&#44; while preserving legitimate interests&#44; effective activities are needed to facilitate control and prevention in segments of the population susceptible to behavioral problems&#44; such as the young&#44; limiting the harmful effects of immoderate use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; approximately 420&#44;000 alcohol-related deaths have occurred in Spain in the current century&#46; Alcohol use causes approximately 24&#44;000 deaths annually&#44; 300&#44;000 emergency department visits&#44; 50&#44;000 hospitalizations&#44; 13&#44;500 domestic violence cases&#44; 4000 cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and 600 suicides&#44; all of which represent considerable healthcare costs and require effective measures to address&#46;</p></span>"
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Vol. 218. Núm. 7.
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Vol. 218. Núm. 7.
Páginas 386-388 (octubre 2018)
Correspondence
DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2018.04.008
Alcohol abuse numbers in Spain: Nearly 420,000 deaths in current century
Las cifras del abuso de alcohol en España: cerca de 420.000 muertes en el siglo actual
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J. Montes-Santiago
Autor para correspondencia
julio.montes.santiago@sergas.es

Corresponding author.
, M. Roseiro-Sordo
Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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