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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ocurrencia de cada evento en funci&#243;n del grupo de exposici&#243;n&#46; An&#225;lisis mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier de la necesidad de rescate intravenoso&#44; visita a urgencias&#44; reingreso&#44; muerte y del evento combinado compuesto por dichos eventos en los pacientes normo e hipoclor&#233;micos&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La insuficiencia cardiaca &#40;IC&#41; en Espa&#241;a es la primera causa de hospitalizaci&#243;n en mayores de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; con una mortalidad intrahospitalaria del 5-10&#37;&#44; reingresos de hasta un 20-30&#37; en el primer mes y una mortalidad del 30-50&#37; a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A pesar de los avances tanto terap&#233;uticos como en la valoraci&#243;n multiparam&#233;trica de la volemia &#40;uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica o marcadores anal&#237;ticos como NT-proBNP o Ca-125&#41;&#44; la congesti&#243;n es el problema fundamental&#44; presente hasta en el 50&#37; de los casos en el momento del alta tras una hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; La congesti&#243;n y la resistencia al tratamiento diur&#233;tico se asocian con peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IC suele asociar alteraciones electrol&#237;ticas&#44; tanto por la activaci&#243;n de ejes hormonales como por el uso de diur&#233;ticos en la terapia descongestiva&#46; Tradicionalmente&#44; la atenci&#243;n cl&#237;nica se ha centrado en el sodio como factor pron&#243;stico&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os ha adquirido relevancia la cloremia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-12</span></a>&#46; La hipocloremia&#44; por diluci&#243;n&#44; por un d&#233;ficit absoluto secundario al uso de diur&#233;ticos&#44; por restricci&#243;n de cloro en la dieta y&#47;o por una absorci&#243;n disminuida&#44; juega un rol fundamental en la resistencia diur&#233;tica&#44; independientemente de la natremia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varios estudios evidencian como la hipocloremia se relaciona con un peor pron&#243;stico en los pacientes con IC&#44; incluso de forma independiente respecto a otras variables&#44; como la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI&#41; o los niveles de NT-proBNP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-9</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los pacientes con hipocloremia presentan una peor respuesta al tratamiento diur&#233;tico&#44; necesitando dosis m&#225;s altas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir el impacto de la hipocloremia como factor pron&#243;stico en los pacientes con IC en t&#233;rminos de necesidad de rescate con diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#44; visitas a urgencias&#44; reingresos y mortalidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Pacientes y per&#237;odo de estudio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;amos un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo incluyendo los pacientes que&#44; tras un ingreso por IC en un hospital de segundo nivel&#44; comenzaron seguimiento en la unidad de IC de Medicina Interna&#46; El per&#237;odo de estudio abarca desde diciembre de 2020 a diciembre de 2022&#46; Para cada sujeto se tuvo en cuenta como fecha de inclusi&#243;n la fecha de alta del ingreso &#237;ndice&#44; con un per&#237;odo de seguimiento de tres meses a partir de entonces&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incluimos todos los pacientes consecutivamente&#44; independientemente de su situaci&#243;n basal&#44; clase funcional&#44; antecedentes o comorbilidades&#46; El &#250;nico criterio de exclusi&#243;n fue no disponer de la cloremia en el primer mes de seguimiento&#46; La informaci&#243;n se obtuvo mediante una descarga disociada de los datos cl&#237;nicos &#40;sin referencias identificativas&#41; generados durante el proceso asistencial y almacenados en la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; El manejo cl&#237;nico de los pacientes se realiz&#243; de acuerdo con nuestra pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferenciamos dos grupos&#58; expuestos o pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro s&#233;rico &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y no expuestos o pacientes normoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro s&#233;rico &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n la cloremia en el mes posterior al alta &#40;extra&#237;do en la primera consulta de revisi&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Eventos de inter&#233;s</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El evento de inter&#233;s primario fue el compuesto por&#58; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>necesidad de rescate con diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#59; 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>visita a urgencias por IC&#59; 3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>reingreso por IC&#44; o 4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muerte por causa cardiovascular&#46; Estos componentes por separado se consideran un evento de inter&#233;s secundario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tama&#241;o muestral</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asumiendo una probabilidad de ocurrencia del evento combinado de 25&#37; y un riesgo 2&#44;5 veces superior &#40;hazard ratio &#91;HR&#93; 2&#44;5&#41; en expuestos&#44; para alcanzar una potencia estad&#237;stica de 80&#37; con un error alfa m&#225;ximo de 5&#37; y teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de un 10&#37; de p&#233;rdidas de seguimiento&#44; ser&#225; necesario observar 38 eventos globalmente&#44; para lo que se deben reclutar 167 sujetos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La muestra se describe en base a la distribuci&#243;n de frecuencias de las variables categ&#243;ricas y la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; o mediana y rango intercuart&#237;lico de las variables continuas&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calculamos para cada grupo la tasa de incidencia del evento primario y de los eventos secundarios&#44; como la raz&#243;n entre los nuevos casos y el sumatorio de los tiempos de seguimiento expresado como casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a de seguimiento&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre la hipocloremia y el evento primario se estudia inicialmente con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y con un modelo de regresi&#243;n de riesgos proporcionales de Cox univariado&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se preestablece un an&#225;lisis por subgrupos en base a las siguientes variables&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; presencia de valvulopat&#237;a grave&#44; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular &#40;TFG &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; NT-proBNP&#44; &#237;ndice de Charlson&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; uso de furosemida a dosis altas &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#44; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 &#40;iSGLT2&#41;&#44; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina &#40;ARNI&#41;&#44; espironolactona y ferropenia&#46; Dado que no existe un punto de corte universal para discriminar grupos pron&#243;sticos en base a la edad&#44; el NT-proBNP&#44; el &#237;ndice de Charlson y el &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; se tom&#243; como referencia el valor mediano en la muestra&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluamos como potenciales factores modificadores del efecto aquellas variables del an&#225;lisis por subgrupos que presentaban una diferencia en el efecto cl&#237;nicamente relevante&#46; Para ello analizamos todas las variables mediante una prueba &#243;mnibus&#44; y solo si esta arrojase un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; se considerar&#237;an cada una de las posibles interacciones por separado&#59; en caso contrario&#44; ser&#237;an desestimadas en bloque&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para detectar confusi&#243;n evaluamos si cada una de estas variables manten&#237;a una asociaci&#243;n relevante con la exposici&#243;n y el resultado &#40;HR &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67 o HR &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&#59; las que cumpliesen este requisito y no fueran una variable intermedia&#44; se incluir&#237;an en un modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado de Cox que consideramos m&#225;ximo&#46; Se analizaron todos los posibles submodelos y se retuvo aquel que conservara aquellas variables que induc&#237;an un cambio entre el efecto crudo y el ajustado &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#37; y que minimizara la amplitud del intervalo de confianza de la HR&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada uno de los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios se evalu&#243; mediante regresi&#243;n univariada con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los an&#225;lisis se llevaron a cabo con el paquete estad&#237;stico Stata 17&#47;BE&#44; Statacorp LLC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica Fundaci&#243;n Jim&#233;nez D&#237;az &#40;c&#243;digo EO124-23&#95;HRJC&#41;&#46; Dada la naturaleza retrospectiva del estudio y la pseudonimizaci&#243;n de datos&#44; se exime de la obtenci&#243;n de consentimiento informado escrito&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes&#58; 105 con cloremia normal &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y 60 que presentaban hipocloremia &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la anal&#237;tica en su primera consulta&#44; que en mediana se extrajo 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta &#40;p25-p75&#58; 7-14&#41;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los grupos se describen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos grupos son similares en caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; excepto en el sexo femenino&#44; la presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica y de hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#44; aunque con pocos sujetos en ambos grupos&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; difieren respecto a la estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica&#44; con un &#237;ndice PROFUND significativamente m&#225;s alto en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al tratamiento basal&#44; el grupo con hipocloremia recibe una dosis m&#225;s alta de furosemida &#40;media de 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#46; El 50&#37; de estos requieren dosis superiores a 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observa una diferencia significativa en cuanto al tratamiento con espironolactona &#40;50&#37; de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos frente al 28&#37; en normoclor&#233;micos&#41;&#46; No se observaron diferencias en los dos grupos con respecto al resto de tratamientos&#44; ni en cuanto al tiempo de seguimiento&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia del evento de inter&#233;s primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia &#40;12&#44;23 vs 5&#44;16 casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a&#44; HR&#58; 2&#44;04&#44; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;29-3&#44;95&#41;&#44; y este patr&#243;n se reproduce en cada uno de los eventos individuales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis por subgrupos&#44; las mayores diferencias en el efecto pron&#243;stico de la hipocloremia se dan entre mayores y menores de 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;83 vs 1&#44;57&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#44; pacientes con filtrado glomerular &#40;FG&#41; inferior y superior a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; pacientes con y sin dosis altas de furosemida &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;13 vs 2&#44;12&#41; y pacientes que toman y no toman ARNI &#40;HR&#58; 0&#44;71 vs 2&#44;26&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; la prueba &#243;mnibus arroj&#243; un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; por lo que se consider&#243; que no existen interacciones estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras realizar el an&#225;lisis descrito se consider&#243; que pod&#237;an estar actuando como potenciales factores de confusi&#243;n entre el evento primario y la hipocloremia la toma de espironolactona y la toma de dosis altas de furosemida&#46; Tras evaluar todos los posibles submodelos con los criterios descritos&#44; se retuvo aquel que inclu&#237;a &#250;nicamente la toma de furosemida a dosis altas&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado as&#237; estimado muestra una HR de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos de 1&#44;59 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41; para el evento combinado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia en pacientes con IC tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n se asoci&#243; a un peor pron&#243;stico en los 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; principalmente por una mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Nuestro estudio recoge una muestra muy representativa de la poblaci&#243;n con IC en uno de los momentos m&#225;s vulnerables de su evoluci&#243;n&#58; las primeras semanas tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este proceso se debe a la alteraci&#243;n de la absorci&#243;n de cloro a nivel intestinal por el edema de pared secundario a la congesti&#243;n espl&#225;cnica&#44; pero adem&#225;s la cloremia supone un elemento clave en la regulaci&#243;n de la homeostasis hidrosalina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; La disminuci&#243;n de cloro en la m&#225;cula densa activa la secreci&#243;n de renina del aparato yuxtaglomerular por la retroalimentaci&#243;n tubuloglomerular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;10-12&#44;14-19</span></a>&#46; Este <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> es fisiol&#243;gico y sensible al cloro y no al sodio&#46; El hecho de que los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos necesiten dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico de base y m&#225;s rescates con tratamiento depletivo intravenoso se puede interpretar tanto como causa como consecuencia de la resistencia diur&#233;tica&#46; Algunos autores&#44; como Maz&#243;n-Ruiz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; proponen un abordaje &#171;cloro-centrista&#187; para el tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia card&#237;aca y resistencia diur&#233;tica&#44; inclin&#225;ndose a favor del uso de los iSGLT2 y la acetazolamida para aumentar los niveles de cloro s&#233;rico y mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento y el pron&#243;stico&#46; Otros autores han propuesto la administraci&#243;n oral de cloro libre de sodio &#40;mediante cloruro de lisina&#41; para mejorar la cloremia sin empeorar la congesti&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16&#44;21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemos incluido una muestra representativa de los pacientes de Medicina Interna con IC&#44; revisando todos los pacientes que inician seguimiento en la unidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46; Se trata de pacientes mayores &#40;edad media de 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; con importantes comorbilidades&#44; como la ERC&#44; incluyendo FG &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min &#40;pacientes excluidos en gran parte de los estudios&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16&#44;22-26</span></a>&#44; y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#44; con clases funcionales avanzadas &#40;NYHA 3-4&#41; y con peor &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico &#40;PROFUND 7-10&#41;&#46; Nuestra cohorte recoge pacientes con FEVI reducida&#44; levemente deprimida y preservada&#44; principalmente pertenecientes a este &#250;ltimo grupo&#44; a diferencia de la mayor&#237;a de las publicaciones&#44; en las que se incluyen pacientes con FEVI reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15&#44;16</span></a> o parcialmente reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bas&#225;ndonos en nuestros resultados&#44; la hipocloremia puede interpretarse como un factor de mal pron&#243;stico en estos pacientes&#44; principalmente por requerir mayores dosis de diur&#233;tico &#40;tanto en su tratamiento oral&#44; como m&#225;s rescates intravenosos&#41;&#46; Aunque entre los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios solo resulta significativo el rescate con diur&#233;tico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&#44; el resto de los componentes del objetivo primario tienen tendencia a ser m&#225;s elevados en el grupo de la hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos tienen una probabilidad de tener el evento combinado un 60&#37; mayor &#40;en l&#237;nea con lo publicado&#41;&#44; a expensas de las necesidades de rescate de diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe una clara definici&#243;n sobre la resistencia a diur&#233;ticos&#46; Nuestro grupo lo ha estimado mediante la necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Otros autores lo interpretan midiendo la natriuresis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; o bien por p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; relaci&#243;n entre la dosis de diur&#233;tico y p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; la necesidad m&#225;s alta de diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> o la congesti&#243;n residual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; lo que dificulta las comparaciones&#46; Sin embargo&#44; todos ellos muestran una peor respuesta al tratamiento diur&#233;tico en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; el riesgo es un 86&#37; mayor&#46; Hallazgos en l&#237;nea con lo descrito por Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; que encontraron un riesgo 2-2&#44;25 veces mayor de requerir dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico y una peor respuesta a este &#40;entendido como bajada de peso por 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de furosemida&#41;&#44; aunque lejos de los resultados obtenidos por Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; con un riesgo 7 veces mayor de presentar una pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46; Esta diferencia puede deberse al diferente an&#225;lisis realizado &#40;en el caso de Hanberg usan odds ratios que pueden sobreestimar las asociaciones&#41;&#44; as&#237; como a diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los pacientes&#59; en su caso los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos reciben un tratamiento menos optimizado &#40;menor uso de IECA y betabloqueantes&#41; o peor FG que los pacientes normoclor&#233;micos&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos estudios se han realizado en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad&#58; Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> en la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; mientras que Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> analizan pacientes estables&#46; Nosotros hemos elegido la primera revisi&#243;n tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#44; que supone un tercer escenario en que la hipocloremia tambi&#233;n se postula como factor pron&#243;stico de pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#250;nico evento com&#250;n en todos los estudios es la mortalidad&#44; con diferencias en la duraci&#243;n del seguimiento&#44; desde 60 y 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> hasta 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;24</span></a>&#44; siendo en todos ellos los resultados concordantes&#58; mayor mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Nosotros no podemos establecer una conclusi&#243;n&#44; ya que los resultados no fueron estad&#237;sticamente significativos&#44; probablemente por el tama&#241;o muestral y por la poca mortalidad de nuestra muestra &#40;solo 6 casos&#41; o por ser nuestro periodo de seguimiento algo menor&#46; La tendencia es similar a lo publicado&#44; con un 90&#37; m&#225;s de riesgo de mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Grodin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> y Seo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; en estudios realizados solo con pacientes con FEVI preservada&#44; encontraron un aumento del riesgo de mortalidad del 50&#37; y del doble &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;09&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#44; en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En base a esto&#44; consideramos muy probable la existencia de un v&#237;nculo entre la hipocloremia y un peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#46; Muy probablemente nuestras estimaciones han sido no significativas debido a la asunci&#243;n de un tama&#241;o del efecto superior al observado &#40;HR asumida 2&#44;5&#59; observada&#44; 1&#44;59&#41;&#46; Es esperable que con un mayor tama&#241;o muestral hubi&#233;semos observado un efecto similar&#44; pero con un intervalo de estimaci&#243;n m&#225;s estrecho&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; es un estudio observacional retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico&#44; por lo que la extrapolaci&#243;n de conclusiones debe realizarse con prudencia&#46; No obstante&#44; nuestra muestra abarca una poblaci&#243;n m&#225;s representativa de las consultas de Medicina Interna por edad y comorbilidad&#44; informaci&#243;n valiosa en este perfil de pacientes&#46; Por otro lado&#44; recogemos una cifra puntual de cloro en la primera revisi&#243;n en consulta&#44; siendo esta en un momento aleatorio en las primeras dos semanas tras el alta&#59; ser&#237;a conveniente establecer el momento clave para dicha medici&#243;n o valorar si la evoluci&#243;n de la cloremia modifica este valor pron&#243;stico&#46; La gran mayor&#237;a de pacientes tienen esta determinaci&#243;n en los primeros quince d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; por lo que es poco probable que existan diferencias relevantes basadas en los pocos d&#237;as de diferencia en la extracci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras ingreso por IC descompensada se asocia a mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; tanto en pacientes con disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica como con FEVI preservada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo no ha recibido ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2024-03-13"
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            1 => "Chloride"
            2 => "Heart failure"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios sugieren que la hipocloremia es un marcador de riesgo en el pron&#243;stico de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41; en pacientes con descompensaci&#243;n reciente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes dados de alta por descompensaci&#243;n de IC que inician seguimiento en consulta monogr&#225;fica&#46; Se definen dos grupos&#58; pacientes con hipocloremia &#40;cloro &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y pacientes normoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la primera determinaci&#243;n dentro del primer mes tras el alta&#46; Se comparan la tasa de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#44; las visitas a urgencias&#44; el reingreso por IC y la muerte de origen cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#44; mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes &#40;59&#37; mujeres&#44; edad media 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; con hipocloremia&#46; Ambos grupos eran comparables en cuanto a caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; salvo sexo femenino&#44; presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica&#44; hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND y dosis basal de furosemida &#40;m&#225;s altos en pacientes con hipocloremia&#41;&#46; La incidencia del evento primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia que en los sujetos normoclor&#233;micos &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;59&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;&#44; sobre todo a expensas de las necesidades de rescates de diur&#233;tico intravenoso &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;86&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC se asocia a mayor necesidad de terapia de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y probablemente a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; independientemente de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure &#40;HF&#41; in patients with recent decompensation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic&#46; Two groups are defined&#58; patients with hypochloremia &#40;chloride &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; and normochloremic patients &#40;chloride &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge&#46; The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue&#44; emergency department visits&#44; readmission for HF and cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">165 patients were included &#40;59&#37; women&#44; mean age 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41;&#44; with 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; having hypochloremia&#46; Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics&#44; except for female sex&#44; presence of peripheral artery disease&#44; moderate-to-severe liver disease &#40;more prevalent in the hypochloremia group&#41;&#44; PROFUND index&#44; and baseline furosemide dose &#40;higher in patients with hypochloremia&#41;&#46; The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;59&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 0&#46;97-2&#46;62&#41;&#44; mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;86&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 1&#46;07-3&#46;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease&#44; regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41;&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis por subgrupos del efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado&#46; Efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado en distintos grupos de pacientes&#46; Se examinan como posibles modificadores del efecto todas aquellas variables que presenten diferencias cl&#237;nicamente relevantes en el tama&#241;o del efecto en los estratos&#46;</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARNI&#58; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina&#59; FEVI&#58; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#59; HR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span>&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; iSGLT2&#58; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#59; TFG&#58; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normocloremia &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables antropom&#233;tricas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo femenino</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;50&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;73&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#44;1 &#40;23&#44;8-30&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#44;6 &#40;22&#44;1-31&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;509&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Factores de riesgo y enfermedad cardiovascular</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;91&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;759&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo activo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;43&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;46&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;723&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;828&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;63&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;61&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;45&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;45&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;935&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad cerebrovascular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;21&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Otra comorbilidad</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EPOC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;18&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;333&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demencia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;36&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;951&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;246&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NYHA 3-4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;38&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEVI</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;13&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Levemente reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preservada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;73&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;78&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice PROFUND</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;4-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;6-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anal&#237;tica basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;33-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&#44;5 &#40;34&#44;5-57&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;&#60;30 ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;15&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sodio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Potasio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cloro &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">102&#46;2 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">115 &#40;58-259&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">174 &#40;107-265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NT-proBNP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;304 &#40;1&#46;124-4&#46;248&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;989 &#40;719-4&#46;780&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tratamiento basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;40-80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;80-160&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;&#62; 120 mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiazidas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acetazolamida</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Betabloqueante</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;57&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;789&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calcioantagonista</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;23&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amiodarona</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;661&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Digoxina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;766&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IECA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARA2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;686&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARNI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;526&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferroterapia intravenosa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;21&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Seguimiento</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primera consulta &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;7-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;785&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seguimiento &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;16-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;21-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab3530161.png"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas basales de los participantes</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Evento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normocloremia &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; uni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; multi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Combinado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;16 &#40;3&#44;72-7&#44;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;23 &#40;8&#44;94-16&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;04 &#40;1&#44;29-3&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;59 &#40;0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tratamiento ambulatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;46 &#40;2&#44;34-5&#44;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;25 &#40;4&#44;90-10&#44;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;86 &#40;1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urgencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;54 &#40;0&#44;89-2&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;92-5&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;91 &#40;0&#44;88-4&#44;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;41 &#40;0&#44;80-2&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;90 &#40;1&#44;68-4&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;87 &#40;0&#44;84-4&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;67 &#40;0&#44;30-1&#44;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;442-56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;93 &#40;0&#44;56-6&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3530162.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se incluye como variable confusora la furosemida a dosis altas&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">La tasa de incidencia se expresa en eventos por 1&#46;000 pacientes y d&#237;a de seguimiento&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
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Vol. 224. Issue 5.
Pages 259-266 (May 2024)
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Vol. 224. Issue 5.
Pages 259-266 (May 2024)
Original
Impacto de la hipocloremia como factor pronóstico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, estudio de cohortes retrospectivo
Impact of hypochloremia as a prognostic factor in patients with heart failure, a retrospective cohort study
P. de Peralta Garcíaa,b, M. Bolzonia,
Corresponding author
martina.bolzoni@hospitalreyjuancarlos.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Yebra Yebraa,b, M. Asenjo Martineza,b, M. Arrondo Turradoa, M.A. Domínguez Sepúlvedaa, J.A. Rueda Caminoa,c, R. Barba Martína,c
a Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
b Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardíaca, Medicina Interna, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
Article information
Abstract
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Figures (2)
Tables (2)
Tabla 1. Características basales de los participantes
Tabla 2. Comparación de los resultados en ambos grupos. Análisis univariado del efecto de la hipocloremia sobre la necesidad de tratamiento intravenoso ambulatorio, visitas a urgencias, reingreso por insuficiencia cardíaca o muerte de origen cardiovascular
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Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

Algunos estudios sugieren que la hipocloremia es un marcador de riesgo en el pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en pacientes con descompensación reciente.

Material y métodos

Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes dados de alta por descompensación de IC que inician seguimiento en consulta monográfica. Se definen dos grupos: pacientes con hipocloremia (cloro <98mmol/l) y pacientes normoclorémicos (cloro >98mmol/l) en la primera determinación dentro del primer mes tras el alta. Se comparan la tasa de rescate diurético intravenoso, las visitas a urgencias, el reingreso por IC y la muerte de origen cardiovascular (CV), mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 165 pacientes (59% mujeres, edad media 85años), 60 (36%) con hipocloremia. Ambos grupos eran comparables en cuanto a características basales, salvo sexo femenino, presencia de arteriopatía periférica, hepatopatía moderada-grave (más prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia), índice PROFUND y dosis basal de furosemida (más altos en pacientes con hipocloremia). La incidencia del evento primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia que en los sujetos normoclorémicos (HR: 1,59; IC95%: 0,97-2,62), sobre todo a expensas de las necesidades de rescates de diurético intravenoso (HR: 1,86; IC95%: 1,07-3,24).

Conclusiones

La hipocloremia tras un ingreso por descompensación de IC se asocia a mayor necesidad de terapia de rescate diurético intravenoso y probablemente a peor pronóstico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad, independientemente de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI).

.

Palabras clave:
Hipocloremia
Cloro
Insuficiencia cardíaca
Resistencia diurética
Diuréticos
Pronóstico
Abstract
Background

Some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure (HF) in patients with recent decompensation.

Materials and methods

Retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic. Two groups are defined: patients with hypochloremia (chloride <98mmol/L) and normochloremic patients (chloride >98mmol/L) in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge. The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue, emergency department visits, readmission for HF and cardiovascular (CV) death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

165 patients were included (59% women, mean age 85years), with 60 (36%) having hypochloremia. Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics, except for female sex, presence of peripheral artery disease, moderate-to-severe liver disease (more prevalent in the hypochloremia group), PROFUND index, and baseline furosemide dose (higher in patients with hypochloremia). The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects (HR: 1.59; 95%CI: 0.97-2.62), mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue (HR: 1.86; 95%CI: 1.07-3.24).

Conclusions

Hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease, regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Keywords:
Hypochloremia
Chloride
Heart failure
Diuretic resistance
Diuretics
Prognosis

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