Left ventricular mass in HIV-infected patients

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Olalla, M. Pombo, A. del Arco, J. de la Torre, D. Urdiales, J. García-Alegría" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Olalla" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "julio.olalla@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Pombo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "del Arco" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "de la Torre" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." 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"apellidos" => "García-Alegría" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Área de Medicina Interna, Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Área de Cardiología, Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Masa ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infección VIH" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia>BackgroundThe use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in a reduction in both the mortality of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the defining events of AIDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> However, vascular events have, in recent years, become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> In terms of the increase observed, cardiac<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5</a>and cerebrovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,7</a> events and arterial distensibility<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">8,9</a> have been implicated, in both HIV and HAART. However, few studies have evaluated the LVM in this context.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10–14</a> The increase in the LVM has been linked to the increase in all-cause mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15–17</a> and, among other pathogenic factors, with the female gender,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> obesity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> age,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> high blood pressure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> and diabetes mellitus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>Various cross-sectional studies have shown increases in LVM in patients infected with HIV when compared with the general population,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> with the possible pathogenic involvement of a component of antiretroviral therapy, specifically one of the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> (such as abacavir) and one of the protease inhibitors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> To date, we do not have any studies that have analyzed LVM in patients with HIV infection from the Mediterranean region, and we have yet to define what components of HAART may be involved in the hypothetical increases in the prevalence of LVM. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of LVM in patients with HIV infection in our community, analyzing the factors associated with the increases in LVM. The study is based on the hypothesis that the factors associated with an increase in LVM are probably the same as those in the population that is not infected by HIV and that the contribution of HAART to this phenomenon is small.Material and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study on patients over 18 years of age who were regularly treated at a specialized consultation unit in our center for the treatment of patients with HIV infection. The study was conducted between December 1, 2009 and February 28, 2011. All patients were offered the opportunity to undergo a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). For all those who accepted, we collected epidemiological data (age, gender, age of HAART and HIV infection), clinical data (AIDS events, vascular events, measurement of body mass index and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the visit), classical cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, tobacco consumption and history of early vascular events in first-degree relatives) and variables associated with the state of their HIV infection (CD4 lymphocyte count [nadir and current], current viral load and history of exposure to antiretroviral agents [ARV]).Patients were considered to have high blood pressure if they had a history of or presented a systolic blood pressure>140mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90mm Hg on 2 occasions separated by at least 3 months or were receiving antihypertensive therapy. Patients were considered to have diabetes if they had a history of or presented a blood glucose level during fasting>126mg/dL on 2 occasions separated by at least 3 months or were being treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin. Patients were considered to have dyslipidemia if they had a history of or presented a low-density cholesterol level>160mg/dL or triglyceride levels≥150mg/dL or were being treated with hypolipidemic agents. The diagnosis of hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) was established in those patients with HBV core antibodies (HBcAb). Hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) was established when the patient had HCV antibodies. The HBV and HCV antibodies were detected by ELISA. The age of the HIV infection dated back to the performance of the first positive Western blot serology test indicated in the patient's medical history.The use of ARVs was classified according to what point the patients were at in their treatment at the time the study was conducted, according to their accumulated use (months with each ARV according to the patient's pharmaceutical history) and according to the administration of each ARV throughout the patient's history (categorized as yes or no).TTEs were conducted using a Siemens Acuson Sequoia C256® system with a 3.5MHz transducer. Measurements were performed on the parasternal long axis plane, using 2D-guided M-mode, recording the telediastolic and telesystolic diameters of the left ventricle (LV), the thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall, the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left atrial volume according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> In terms of LVM measurement, we used the formula proposed by the ASE: LVM (ASE)=0.8×{1.04[(LVTDD+PW+IVS)3−(LVTDD)3]}+0.6g, where LVTDD is the left ventricle telediastolic diameter, PW is the thickness of the posterior wall in diastole and IVS is the thickness of the interventricular septum in diastole, adjusted for height2.7 to avoid underestimating the prevalence of LVH in overweight and obese patients. This parameter was named the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The vascular risk of cardiovascular disease at 10 years (VR10) was calculated using the formula proposed by the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) available at <a href="http://www.cphiv.dk/TOOLS/Framingham/tabid/302/Default.aspx">http://www.cphiv.dk/TOOLS/Framingham/tabid/302/Default.aspx</a>. A VR10 level<10% was considered low, a level between 10% and 20% was considered intermediate, and a level≥20% was considered high.The local ethics committee approved the study, and the patients signed an informed consent. The data were recorded directly into SPSS® v 15.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The quantitative variables were described using the mean and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and the qualitative variables were reported in percentages. The qualitative variables were compared using the chi-squared test. The LVMI was considered the dependent variable. We studied the association between LVMI and the quantitative variables using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and between LVMI and the qualitative variables using the Student t-test, with prior confirmation of the normality of the samples. When this condition was not met, we used the Mann–Whitney U test. The variables that showed a statistical association with LVMI (p<.05) were included in the multivariate analysis following a forward stepwise method. Statistical significance was established at p<.05. At the researcher's discretion, those ARV that were not taken by at least 5 patients in each group (normal and high LVMI) were not included.ResultsGeneral characteristicsA total of 400 TTEs were performed, resulting in sufficient data to calculate the LVMI for 388. The main patient characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. A large majority of the patients were men (75.5%), and the mean age was 45.4 years. Some 86.1% of the participants were being treated with HAART and one-fourth of the participants met the criteria for AIDS. Some 53.6% of the patients were smokers, 23.2% had dyslipidemia, 11.9% had high blood pressure and 6.2% had diabetes mellitus. A total of 126 patients (31.5%) showed no classical cardiovascular risk factors, 186 patients (46.5%) had 1 factor, 58 (14.5%) had 2, 20 (5%) had 3 and only 8 patients had 4 (2%). The mean VR10 was 12.15%, with 19.1% of the participants showing a high VR10. The equation proposed by the EACS, which was used in this study to calculate VR10, includes as one of its components the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the electrocardiogram (EKG). This component was present in only 28 patients, and in its absence (for the VR10 calculation), the patient was considered to not have LVH. Eleven patients had a family history of early vascular events in first-degree relatives. Only 2 patients had prior vascular events; 1 patient had acute coronary syndrome and the other had an atherothrombotic stroke.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus infectionThe age of the HIV infection had a median of 9.25 years. Ninety-eight of the patients (25.2%) met the criteria for AIDS. The CD4 lymphocyte count reached a nadir of 286cells/μ1, and at the time of the study, the count was 650cells/μ1, with an HIV viral load (<50copies/ml) in 254 patients (65.5%). A total of 334 patients were being treated with HAART (86.1%). The information concerning HAART is summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Concomitant medicationA total of 150 patients (37.5%) were being treated with a medication other than HAART at the time of the study. Forty-five (11.3%) of these were being treated with statins, 23 (5.7%) with beta-blocking agents, 20 (5%) with fibrates, 19 (4.7%) with antiplatelet agents, 16 (4%) with oral antidiabetic agents, 16 (4%) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 12 (3%) with proton pump inhibitors, 12 (3%) with angiotensin receptor antagonists, 8 (2%) with diuretics, 5 (1.2%) with dihydropyridines, 4 (1%) with insulin, 4 (1%) with fatty acids, 2 (0.5%) with doxazosin and 1 (0.2%) with ezetimibe. Regarding the antibiotic or antiviral agents other than HAART, 25 patients (6.3%) were being treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 4 (1%) with tuberculosis medication, 4 (1%) with peginterferon and ribavirin, 2 (0.5%) with pentamidine and 1 (0.2%) with fluconazole. Thirteen patients (3.3%) were being treated with psychiatric medication (benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotics). Two patients (0.5%) were being treated with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, while 4 (1%) used inhaled corticosteroids or β2-adrenergic agents. Only 2 patients (0.5%) were being treated with methadone.Left ventricular mass indexed by height2.7The mean LVM was 39.54g/m2.7 (95% CI: 38.35–40.73). The LVM was larger in the older patients (p<.0005), in the taller patients and those with greater BMI (in both cases, p<.0005), in the patients with a larger VR10 (p<.0005), in the patients with high blood pressure (44.97g/m2.7 vs. 39.03g/m2.7, p=.001) and in those who had dyslipidemia (43.75g/m2.7 vs. 38.52g/m2.7, p<.0005). There was no relationship between LVM and the presence of any other classical cardiovascular risk factor or between LVM and gender.The LVM was also larger in patients who received antiplatelet agents (39.21g/m2.7 vs. 47.81g/m2.7 vs. 63.71g/m2.7, p=.004, when we compared the lack of antiplatelet therapy versus simple and double antiplatelet therapy, respectively), doxazosin (60.57g/m2.7 vs. 39.65g/m2.7, p=.03) or statins (45.20g/m2.7 vs. 39.04g/m2.7, p=.005).The LVM showed a clear relationship with VR10 (p<.0005), and when we categorize VR10 as low, pronounced or high, we observed a marked relationship with the increase in LVM (36.10g/m2.7 vs. 42.79g/m2.7 vs. 45.79g/m2.7, respectively, p<.0005).There was no association between the increase in LVMI and the current or accumulated use of any ARV, but there was an association with the use of nevirapine in the patient's drug history expressed categorically (yes/no) (43.29g/m2.7 vs. 38.81g/m2.7, p<.01).We conducted a multivariate analysis that included high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, stratified VR10 (low, moderate, high) and the use of nevirapine in the patient's history. We did not include medication in the cardiovascular field previously mentioned for being associated with a greater VR10. We also did not include the patient's height or BMI, given that both are reflected in the LVMI formula through indexing. Moderate and high VR10 remained in the model (p<.0005) as did the patient's use of nevirapine in the past (p=.024). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the variables associated in the univariate and multivariate analysis with the corresponding p-values.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionOur study shows a mean LVMI value of 39.54g/m2.7, similar to that published by other groups that indexed the ventricular mass by height raised to the power of 2.7.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> As with other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10,13</a> conditions such as age, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia initially appear to be linked to a greater LVMI, with this relationship disappearing when controlling for VR10, a variable that integrates the other conditions and that has not been used to date in these types of studies. It is noteworthy that the use of nevirapine is associated with a greater LVMI. Nevirapine has been recognized as one of the ARVs with the best metabolic profile since the introduction of HAART.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">23,24</a> This situation may have led to its preferential use in patients with high vascular risk, thus resulting in a statistically significant relationship similar to that occurring in our study with doxazosin, antiplatelet therapy and statins. Therefore, there is a potential indication bias of the drug in question. Observational studies have reported that other ARV drugs such as certain protease inhibitors and certain nucleoside analogs such as indinavir and abacavir are related to the onset of vascular events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> Our analysis, however, found no such correlation. Our study did not have a baseline EKG to report on the presence of LVH, which obviously would lead us to underestimate the VR10. It is conceivable that what is achieved by inserting this value in the calculation of the VR10 is an increase in the value of this variable, especially in patients with intermediate VR10, with patients at this level progressing to high VR10 in all cases. What is certain is that by joining the intermediate and high VR10 categories, both categories remain in the multivariate analysis model shown in the results without modifying the permanence of the use of nevirapine in this model or the exclusion of the other variables initially proposed in the model (high blood pressure and dyslipidemia).The increase in LVMI is linked to an increase in overall mortality and mortality of cardiovascular origin,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,17</a> including, in particular, sudden death. The D:A:D study, a broad, multinational observational study, recently established vascular events as the second leading cause of death in the population infected with HIV, after opportunistic events and before non-AIDS cancer and liver disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Although the role of HIV's involvement in the presence of vascular events seems clear,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> as is the fact that certain components of HAART may be associated with a less favorable metabolic profile,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> the risk of vascular events in these patients cannot be entirely explained by this pathway.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> Other studies are therefore underway to assess other aspects such as platelet hyperreactivity and the involvement of arterial distensibility. In keeping with this, the increase in LVMI is another possible explanation for the increase in vascular morbidity and mortality in these types of patients.It remains to be seen how detailed the screening for subclinical cardiovascular disease needs to be in patients infected by HIV. There is no doubt that as the patients’ age increases, cardiovascular disease will also increase, as occurs in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">27,28</a>This was a cross-sectional study with the inherent limitations of such studies, and therefore causal relationships could not be established, although we can point to new lines of research. A registry of patients with HIV infection who have not received HAART is warranted, a registry that records such aspects as LVMI and other subclinical vascular disease indicators over time. We could thereby undoubtedly answer the questions these conditions raise regarding the aging of our patients.In conclusion, the determination of the vascular risk using VR10 is related in our study with a greater LVMI. Its relationship with the use of nevirapine may be related to an indication bias of the drug. Further observational studies that include the practice of TTE are warranted to elucidate the true role of antiretroviral drugs in the increase of LVMI.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres250089" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Background" 2 => "Patients and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237649" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres250090" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Antecedentes" 2 => "Pacientes y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237650" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Background" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "General characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus infection" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Concomitant medication" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Left ventricular mass indexed by height" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-11-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-02-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237649" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "HIV" 1 => "Echocardiography" 2 => "Left ventricular hypertrophy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237650" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "VIH" 1 => "Ecocardiografía" 2 => "Hipertrofia ventricular izquierda" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundThe HIV infection has been associated with an increased incidence of vascular events. Left ventricular mass (LVM) is independently associated with greater overall mortality. Various studies have shown that patients with HIV infection have higher LVM than the uninfected population. We aim to describe the distribution of LVM in an extensive series of patients with HIV infection, and the factors associated with its increase. Patients and methodsA cross-sectional study was performed in HIV-infected patients followed in our center from 1 December 2009 to 28 February 2011. A transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed in all patients who gave their consent. Demographic variables, viroimmunological status, cardiovascular risk factors, vascular risk at 10 years (VR10) and history of exposure to antiretroviral drugs were collected. LVM was considered to be the quantitative dependent variable. A univariate analysis was performed, including in the multivariate analysis those variables with p<.05. ResultsA TTE was performed in 400 patients, and the LVM was calculated in 388. Mean age was 45 years, 75.5 males. Mean LVM was 39.54g/m2.7(95% CI: 38.35–40.73). Age, height, body mass index, VR10, hypertension, dyslipidemia, different medications within the cardiovascular area and having taken nevirapine have been used in the history of the patient were associated to greater LVM. In the multivariate analysis, use of nevirapine in the history of the patient and VR10 remained in the model. ConclusionsVR10 may be associated with greater LVM. The relationship with nevirapine may respond to an indication bias." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesLa infección VIH se ha asociado con una mayor incidencia de eventos vasculares. La masa ventricular izquierda (MVI) se asocia de forma independiente a mayor mortalidad global. Diversas series han demostrado que los pacientes con infección VIH tienen mayor MVI que la población no infectada. Nos proponemos describir la distribución de la MVI en una amplia serie de pacientes con infección VIH, y los factores asociados a su incremento. Pacientes y métodosEstudio transversal efectuado en los pacientes con infección VIH seguidos en nuestro centro entre el 01.12.2009 y el 28.02.2011. Se realizó ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT) a todos aquéllos que consintieron. Se recogieron las variables demográficas, el estatus viro-inmunológico, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el riesgo vascular a 10 años (RV10) y el historial de exposición a fármacos antirretrovirales. Se consideró variable dependiente cuantitativa la MVI. Se realizó análisis univariante y aquellas variables con p<0,05 fueron incluidas en el análisis multivariante. ResultadosSe efectuó ETT a 400 pacientes; en 388 se calculó la MVI. La edad media fue de 45 años, 75,5% varones. La MVI media fue de 39,54g/m2.7(IC 95%: 38,35–40,73). Se asociaron a una mayor MVI: la edad, la altura, el índice de masa corporal, el RV10, la hipertensión, la dislipemia, diversas medicaciones de la esfera cardiovascular y el haber utilizado nevirapina en la historia del paciente. En el análisis multivariante permanecieron en el modelo el uso de nevirapina en la historia del paciente y el RV10. ConclusionesEl RV10 puede estar asociado a una mayor MVI, la relación con nevirapina puede responder a un sesgo de indicación." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Olalla J, et al. Masa ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infección VIH. Rev Clin Esp. 2013;213:271–7." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Categorical variables are expressed in absolute values (n) and percentages (%). Continuous variables are expressed as median (med) and interquartile amplitude (IQA) (25–75). Abbreviations: VR10, vascular risk at 10 years; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; PDU, parenteral drug user; HCV, hepatitis C virus." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General epidemiological characteristics</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Characteristics of the HIV infection</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transmission route</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Heterosexual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">149 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Homosexual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PDU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AIDS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age of the infection (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Viral load <50copies/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">254 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CD4 current (cells/μl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">595 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">478 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CD4 nadir (cells/μl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">247 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Use of HAART \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">334 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">86.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of time using HAART (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HCV coinfection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular risk factors</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High blood pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dyslipidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Smokers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">208 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Body mass index (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VR10 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Med/IQA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VR10</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">198 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab354581.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of the patients included in the study in whom the left ventricular mass index was calculated (388 patients)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "The results are expressed as absolute values (n), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and percentages (%). Abbreviations: ARVD, antiretroviral drugs." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accumulated use of ARVD n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean accumulated time of use in months (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Current use of ARVD n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside analogs</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Abacavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">164 (42.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46.66 (41.68–51.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95 (24.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Didanosine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81 (20.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.39 (28.94–41.84) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Emtricitabine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">214 (55.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.65 (19.39–25.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">202 (52.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stavudine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">86 (22.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.9 (34.27–47.54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lamivudine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">222 (57.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.24 (56.4–68.07) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">107 (27.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tenofovir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">237 (61.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.51 (21.39–27.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">210 (54.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zalcitabine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (3.14–43.12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zidovudine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">157 (40.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.34 (44.17–56.51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (4.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside analogs</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Efavirenz \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">214 (55.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (36.26–45.73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">203 (52.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Etravirine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (3.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.15 (3.94–18.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (3.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nevirapine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79 (20.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51.06 (41.36–60.77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Protease inhibitors</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Atazanavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60 (15.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.02 (17.79–28.24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 (12.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Darunavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.55 (9.82–17.28) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (10.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fosamprenavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51 (13.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.02 (19.17–36.87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (6.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Indinavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 (15.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.29 (22.02–30.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lopinavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72 (18.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.56 (20.76–32.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (5.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nelfinavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.11 (16.18–28.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Saquinavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.21 (14.29–22.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tipranavir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.4 (2.2–31.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Others</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Raltegravir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 (8.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.08 (11.56–20.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Maraviroc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.33 (5.01–31.65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Enfuvirtide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.6 (0.73–30.46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab354583.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Summary of the patients’ antiretroviral drug (ARVD) use history." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "VR10: vascular risk at 10 years." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Independent variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Typified coefficient β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Constant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VR10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><.0005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Use of nevirapine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.024 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High blood pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.028 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.851 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dyslipidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.052 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.828 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab354582.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the multivariate analysis for the dependent variable LVMI." ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "What we knowCardiovascular events are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with HIV and may reflect the prevalence of classical vascular risk factors or a pathogenic relationship with HIV infection or with a number of antiretroviral drugs. Left ventricular mass (LVM) is correlated with mortality. Few studies have evaluated the distribution of LVM in patients infected with HIV, and there have been no such studies in our community.What this article providesThe determination of vascular risk at 10 years, as well as the prior use of nevirapine, is correlated with LVM. However, the relationship with nevirapine may reflect a “preferred indication” bias in patients with vascular risk factors.The Editors" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 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Left ventricular mass in HIV-infected patients

Masa ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infección VIH

J. Olallaa,

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julio.olalla@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, M. Pombob, A. del Arcoa, J. de la Torrea, D. Urdialesa, J. García-Alegríaa

a Área de Medicina Interna, Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Marbella, Málaga, Spain

b Área de Cardiología, Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Marbella, Málaga, Spain

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    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Left ventricular mass in HIV-infected patients"
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        "titulo" => "Masa ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infecci&#243;n VIH"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Background</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; has resulted in a reduction in both the mortality of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; and the defining events of AIDS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; vascular events have&#44; in recent years&#44; become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In terms of the increase observed&#44; cardiac<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a>and cerebrovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> events and arterial distensibility<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> have been implicated&#44; in both HIV and HAART&#46; However&#44; few studies have evaluated the LVM in this context&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;14</span></a> The increase in the LVM has been linked to the increase in all-cause mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> and&#44; among other pathogenic factors&#44; with the female gender&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> obesity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> age&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> high blood pressure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various cross-sectional studies have shown increases in LVM in patients infected with HIV when compared with the general population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> with the possible pathogenic involvement of a component of antiretroviral therapy&#44; specifically one of the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;such as abacavir&#41; and one of the protease inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> To date&#44; we do not have any studies that have analyzed LVM in patients with HIV infection from the Mediterranean region&#44; and we have yet to define what components of HAART may be involved in the hypothetical increases in the prevalence of LVM&#46; The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of LVM in patients with HIV infection in our community&#44; analyzing the factors associated with the increases in LVM&#46; The study is based on the hypothesis that the factors associated with an increase in LVM are probably the same as those in the population that is not infected by HIV and that the contribution of HAART to this phenomenon is small&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional&#44; descriptive study on patients over 18 years of age who were regularly treated at a specialized consultation unit in our center for the treatment of patients with HIV infection&#46; The study was conducted between December 1&#44; 2009 and February 28&#44; 2011&#46; All patients were offered the opportunity to undergo a transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41;&#46; For all those who accepted&#44; we collected epidemiological data &#40;age&#44; gender&#44; age of HAART and HIV infection&#41;&#44; clinical data &#40;AIDS events&#44; vascular events&#44; measurement of body mass index and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the visit&#41;&#44; classical cardiovascular risk factors &#40;diabetes mellitus&#44; high blood pressure&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; tobacco consumption and history of early vascular events in first-degree relatives&#41; and variables associated with the state of their HIV infection &#40;CD4 lymphocyte count &#91;nadir and current&#93;&#44; current viral load and history of exposure to antiretroviral agents &#91;ARV&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were considered to have high blood pressure if they had a history of or presented a systolic blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure &#8805;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg on 2 occasions separated by at least 3 months or were receiving antihypertensive therapy&#46; Patients were considered to have diabetes if they had a history of or presented a blood glucose level during fasting<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL on 2 occasions separated by at least 3 months or were being treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin&#46; Patients were considered to have dyslipidemia if they had a history of or presented a low-density cholesterol level<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL or triglyceride levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL or were being treated with hypolipidemic agents&#46; The diagnosis of hepatitis B viral infection &#40;HBV&#41; was established in those patients with HBV core antibodies &#40;HBcAb&#41;&#46; Hepatitis C viral infection &#40;HCV&#41; was established when the patient had HCV antibodies&#46; The HBV and HCV antibodies were detected by ELISA&#46; The age of the HIV infection dated back to the performance of the first positive Western blot serology test indicated in the patient&#39;s medical history&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of ARVs was classified according to what point the patients were at in their treatment at the time the study was conducted&#44; according to their accumulated use &#40;months with each ARV according to the patient&#39;s pharmaceutical history&#41; and according to the administration of each ARV throughout the patient&#39;s history &#40;categorized as yes or no&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TTEs were conducted using a Siemens Acuson Sequoia C256<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> system with a 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz transducer&#46; Measurements were performed on the parasternal long axis plane&#44; using 2D-guided M-mode&#44; recording the telediastolic and telesystolic diameters of the left ventricle &#40;LV&#41;&#44; the thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall&#44; the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left atrial volume according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography &#40;ASE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In terms of LVM measurement&#44; we used the formula proposed by the ASE&#58; LVM &#40;ASE&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#123;1&#46;04&#91;&#40;LVTDD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PW<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IVS&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;LVTDD&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#93;&#125;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; where LVTDD is the left ventricle telediastolic diameter&#44; PW is the thickness of the posterior wall in diastole and IVS is the thickness of the interventricular septum in diastole&#44; adjusted for height<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> to avoid underestimating the prevalence of LVH in overweight and obese patients&#46; This parameter was named the left ventricular mass index &#40;LVMI&#41;&#46; The vascular risk of cardiovascular disease at 10 years &#40;VR10&#41; was calculated using the formula proposed by the European AIDS Clinical Society &#40;EACS&#41; available at <a href="http://www.cphiv.dk/TOOLS/Framingham/tabid/302/Default.aspx">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;cphiv&#46;dk&#47;TOOLS&#47;Framingham&#47;tabid&#47;302&#47;Default&#46;aspx</a>&#46; A VR10 level<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#37; was considered low&#44; a level between 10&#37; and 20&#37; was considered intermediate&#44; and a level<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#37; was considered high&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The local ethics committee approved the study&#44; and the patients signed an informed consent&#46; The data were recorded directly into SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> v 15&#46;0 &#40;Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The quantitative variables were described using the mean and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#44; and the qualitative variables were reported in percentages&#46; The qualitative variables were compared using the chi-squared test&#46; The LVMI was considered the dependent variable&#46; We studied the association between LVMI and the quantitative variables using the analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; and between LVMI and the qualitative variables using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#44; with prior confirmation of the normality of the samples&#46; When this condition was not met&#44; we used the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#46; The variables that showed a statistical association with LVMI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; were included in the multivariate analysis following a forward stepwise method&#46; Statistical significance was established at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46; At the researcher&#39;s discretion&#44; those ARV that were not taken by at least 5 patients in each group &#40;normal and high LVMI&#41; were not included&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">General characteristics</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 400 TTEs were performed&#44; resulting in sufficient data to calculate the LVMI for 388&#46; The main patient characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; A large majority of the patients were men &#40;75&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and the mean age was 45&#46;4 years&#46; Some 86&#46;1&#37; of the participants were being treated with HAART and one-fourth of the participants met the criteria for AIDS&#46; Some 53&#46;6&#37; of the patients were smokers&#44; 23&#46;2&#37; had dyslipidemia&#44; 11&#46;9&#37; had high blood pressure and 6&#46;2&#37; had diabetes mellitus&#46; A total of 126 patients &#40;31&#46;5&#37;&#41; showed no classical cardiovascular risk factors&#44; 186 patients &#40;46&#46;5&#37;&#41; had 1 factor&#44; 58 &#40;14&#46;5&#37;&#41; had 2&#44; 20 &#40;5&#37;&#41; had 3 and only 8 patients had 4 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean VR10 was 12&#46;15&#37;&#44; with 19&#46;1&#37; of the participants showing a high VR10&#46; The equation proposed by the EACS&#44; which was used in this study to calculate VR10&#44; includes as one of its components the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy &#40;LVH&#41; in the electrocardiogram &#40;EKG&#41;&#46; This component was present in only 28 patients&#44; and in its absence &#40;for the VR10 calculation&#41;&#44; the patient was considered to not have LVH&#46; Eleven patients had a family history of early vascular events in first-degree relatives&#46; Only 2 patients had prior vascular events&#59; 1 patient had acute coronary syndrome and the other had an atherothrombotic stroke&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus infection</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The age of the HIV infection had a median of 9&#46;25 years&#46; Ninety-eight of the patients &#40;25&#46;2&#37;&#41; met the criteria for AIDS&#46; The CD4 lymphocyte count reached a nadir of 286<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;&#956;1&#44; and at the time of the study&#44; the count was 650<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;&#956;1&#44; with an HIV viral load &#40;&#60;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#41; in 254 patients &#40;65&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; A total of 334 patients were being treated with HAART &#40;86&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; The information concerning HAART is summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Concomitant medication</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 150 patients &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41; were being treated with a medication other than HAART at the time of the study&#46; Forty-five &#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41; of these were being treated with statins&#44; 23 &#40;5&#46;7&#37;&#41; with beta-blocking agents&#44; 20 &#40;5&#37;&#41; with fibrates&#44; 19 &#40;4&#46;7&#37;&#41; with antiplatelet agents&#44; 16 &#40;4&#37;&#41; with oral antidiabetic agents&#44; 16 &#40;4&#37;&#41; with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors&#44; 12 &#40;3&#37;&#41; with proton pump inhibitors&#44; 12 &#40;3&#37;&#41; with angiotensin receptor antagonists&#44; 8 &#40;2&#37;&#41; with diuretics&#44; 5 &#40;1&#46;2&#37;&#41; with dihydropyridines&#44; 4 &#40;1&#37;&#41; with insulin&#44; 4 &#40;1&#37;&#41; with fatty acids&#44; 2 &#40;0&#46;5&#37;&#41; with doxazosin and 1 &#40;0&#46;2&#37;&#41; with ezetimibe&#46; Regarding the antibiotic or antiviral agents other than HAART&#44; 25 patients &#40;6&#46;3&#37;&#41; were being treated with trimethoprim&#47;sulfamethoxazole&#44; 4 &#40;1&#37;&#41; with tuberculosis medication&#44; 4 &#40;1&#37;&#41; with peginterferon and ribavirin&#44; 2 &#40;0&#46;5&#37;&#41; with pentamidine and 1 &#40;0&#46;2&#37;&#41; with fluconazole&#46; Thirteen patients &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41; were being treated with psychiatric medication &#40;benzodiazepines&#44; antidepressants and antipsychotics&#41;&#46; Two patients &#40;0&#46;5&#37;&#41; were being treated with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone&#44; while 4 &#40;1&#37;&#41; used inhaled corticosteroids or &#946;2-adrenergic agents&#46; Only 2 patients &#40;0&#46;5&#37;&#41; were being treated with methadone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Left ventricular mass indexed by height<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span></span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean LVM was 39&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 38&#46;35&#8211;40&#46;73&#41;&#46; The LVM was larger in the older patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#44; in the taller patients and those with greater BMI &#40;in both cases&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#44; in the patients with a larger VR10 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#44; in the patients with high blood pressure &#40;44&#46;97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 39&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and in those who had dyslipidemia &#40;43&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 38&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#46; There was no relationship between LVM and the presence of any other classical cardiovascular risk factor or between LVM and gender&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LVM was also larger in patients who received antiplatelet agents &#40;39&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 47&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 63&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#44; when we compared the lack of antiplatelet therapy versus simple and double antiplatelet therapy&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; doxazosin &#40;60&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 39&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41; or statins &#40;45&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 39&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;005&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LVM showed a clear relationship with VR10 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#44; and when we categorize VR10 as low&#44; pronounced or high&#44; we observed a marked relationship with the increase in LVM &#40;36&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 42&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 45&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; respectively&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no association between the increase in LVMI and the current or accumulated use of any ARV&#44; but there was an association with the use of nevirapine in the patient&#39;s drug history expressed categorically &#40;yes&#47;no&#41; &#40;43&#46;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span> vs&#46; 38&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a multivariate analysis that included high blood pressure&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; stratified VR10 &#40;low&#44; moderate&#44; high&#41; and the use of nevirapine in the patient&#39;s history&#46; We did not include medication in the cardiovascular field previously mentioned for being associated with a greater VR10&#46; We also did not include the patient&#39;s height or BMI&#44; given that both are reflected in the LVMI formula through indexing&#46; Moderate and high VR10 remained in the model &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0005&#41; as did the patient&#39;s use of nevirapine in the past &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;024&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the variables associated in the univariate and multivariate analysis with the corresponding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study shows a mean LVMI value of 39&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#44; similar to that published by other groups that indexed the ventricular mass by height raised to the power of 2&#46;7&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> As with other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;13</span></a> conditions such as age&#44; high blood pressure and dyslipidemia initially appear to be linked to a greater LVMI&#44; with this relationship disappearing when controlling for VR10&#44; a variable that integrates the other conditions and that has not been used to date in these types of studies&#46; It is noteworthy that the use of nevirapine is associated with a greater LVMI&#46; Nevirapine has been recognized as one of the ARVs with the best metabolic profile since the introduction of HAART&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> This situation may have led to its preferential use in patients with high vascular risk&#44; thus resulting in a statistically significant relationship similar to that occurring in our study with doxazosin&#44; antiplatelet therapy and statins&#46; Therefore&#44; there is a potential indication bias of the drug in question&#46; Observational studies have reported that other ARV drugs such as certain protease inhibitors and certain nucleoside analogs such as indinavir and abacavir are related to the onset of vascular events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Our analysis&#44; however&#44; found no such correlation&#46; Our study did not have a baseline EKG to report on the presence of LVH&#44; which obviously would lead us to underestimate the VR10&#46; It is conceivable that what is achieved by inserting this value in the calculation of the VR10 is an increase in the value of this variable&#44; especially in patients with intermediate VR10&#44; with patients at this level progressing to high VR10 in all cases&#46; What is certain is that by joining the intermediate and high VR10 categories&#44; both categories remain in the multivariate analysis model shown in the results without modifying the permanence of the use of nevirapine in this model or the exclusion of the other variables initially proposed in the model &#40;high blood pressure and dyslipidemia&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase in LVMI is linked to an increase in overall mortality and mortality of cardiovascular origin&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> including&#44; in particular&#44; sudden death&#46; The D&#58;A&#58;D study&#44; a broad&#44; multinational observational study&#44; recently established vascular events as the second leading cause of death in the population infected with HIV&#44; after opportunistic events and before non-AIDS cancer and liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although the role of HIV&#39;s involvement in the presence of vascular events seems clear&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> as is the fact that certain components of HAART may be associated with a less favorable metabolic profile&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> the risk of vascular events in these patients cannot be entirely explained by this pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Other studies are therefore underway to assess other aspects such as platelet hyperreactivity and the involvement of arterial distensibility&#46; In keeping with this&#44; the increase in LVMI is another possible explanation for the increase in vascular morbidity and mortality in these types of patients&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It remains to be seen how detailed the screening for subclinical cardiovascular disease needs to be in patients infected by HIV&#46; There is no doubt that as the patients&#8217; age increases&#44; cardiovascular disease will also increase&#44; as occurs in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study with the inherent limitations of such studies&#44; and therefore causal relationships could not be established&#44; although we can point to new lines of research&#46; A registry of patients with HIV infection who have not received HAART is warranted&#44; a registry that records such aspects as LVMI and other subclinical vascular disease indicators over time&#46; We could thereby undoubtedly answer the questions these conditions raise regarding the aging of our patients&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the determination of the vascular risk using VR10 is related in our study with a greater LVMI&#46; Its relationship with the use of nevirapine may be related to an indication bias of the drug&#46; Further observational studies that include the practice of TTE are warranted to elucidate the true role of antiretroviral drugs in the increase of LVMI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xres250089"
          "titulo" => array:5 [
            0 => "Abstract"
            1 => "Background"
            2 => "Patients and methods"
            3 => "Results"
            4 => "Conclusions"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237649"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres250090"
          "titulo" => array:5 [
            0 => "Resumen"
            1 => "Antecedentes"
            2 => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
            3 => "Resultados"
            4 => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237650"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Background"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Material and methods"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "General characteristics"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus infection"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Concomitant medication"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Left ventricular mass indexed by height"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-11-09"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2013-02-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237649"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "HIV"
            1 => "Echocardiography"
            2 => "Left ventricular hypertrophy"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237650"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "VIH"
            1 => "Ecocardiograf&#237;a"
            2 => "Hipertrofia ventricular izquierda"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The HIV infection has been associated with an increased incidence of vascular events&#46; Left ventricular mass &#40;LVM&#41; is independently associated with greater overall mortality&#46; Various studies have shown that patients with HIV infection have higher LVM than the uninfected population&#46; We aim to describe the distribution of LVM in an extensive series of patients with HIV infection&#44; and the factors associated with its increase&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was performed in HIV-infected patients followed in our center from 1 December 2009 to 28 February 2011&#46; A transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41; was performed in all patients who gave their consent&#46; Demographic variables&#44; viroimmunological status&#44; cardiovascular risk factors&#44; vascular risk at 10 years &#40;VR10&#41; and history of exposure to antiretroviral drugs were collected&#46; LVM was considered to be the quantitative dependent variable&#46; A univariate analysis was performed&#44; including in the multivariate analysis those variables with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A TTE was performed in 400 patients&#44; and the LVM was calculated in 388&#46; Mean age was 45 years&#44; 75&#46;5 males&#46; Mean LVM was 39&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#40;95&#37; CI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#46;35&#8211;40&#46;73&#41;&#46; Age&#44; height&#44; body mass index&#44; VR10&#44; hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; different medications within the cardiovascular area and having taken nevirapine have been used in the history of the patient were associated to greater LVM&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; use of nevirapine in the history of the patient and VR10 remained in the model&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">VR10 may be associated with greater LVM&#46; The relationship with nevirapine may respond to an indication bias&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La infecci&#243;n VIH se ha asociado con una mayor incidencia de eventos vasculares&#46; La masa ventricular izquierda &#40;MVI&#41; se asocia de forma independiente a mayor mortalidad global&#46; Diversas series han demostrado que los pacientes con infecci&#243;n VIH tienen mayor MVI que la poblaci&#243;n no infectada&#46; Nos proponemos describir la distribuci&#243;n de la MVI en una amplia serie de pacientes con infecci&#243;n VIH&#44; y los factores asociados a su incremento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal efectuado en los pacientes con infecci&#243;n VIH seguidos en nuestro centro entre el 01&#46;12&#46;2009 y el 28&#46;02&#46;2011&#46; Se realiz&#243; ecocardiograf&#237;a transtor&#225;cica &#40;ETT&#41; a todos aqu&#233;llos que consintieron&#46; Se recogieron las variables demogr&#225;ficas&#44; el estatus viro-inmunol&#243;gico&#44; los factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#44; el riesgo vascular a 10 a&#241;os &#40;RV10&#41; y el historial de exposici&#243;n a f&#225;rmacos antirretrovirales&#46; Se consider&#243; variable dependiente cuantitativa la MVI&#46; Se realiz&#243; an&#225;lisis univariante y aquellas variables con p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 fueron incluidas en el an&#225;lisis multivariante&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se efectu&#243; ETT a 400 pacientes&#59; en 388 se calcul&#243; la MVI&#46; La edad media fue de 45 a&#241;os&#44; 75&#44;5&#37; varones&#46; La MVI media fue de 39&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#46;7</span>&#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 38&#44;35&#8211;40&#44;73&#41;&#46; Se asociaron a una mayor MVI&#58; la edad&#44; la altura&#44; el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; el RV10&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n&#44; la dislipemia&#44; diversas medicaciones de la esfera cardiovascular y el haber utilizado nevirapina en la historia del paciente&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariante permanecieron en el modelo el uso de nevirapina en la historia del paciente y el RV10&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El RV10 puede estar asociado a una mayor MVI&#44; la relaci&#243;n con nevirapina puede responder a un sesgo de indicaci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
      ]
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Olalla J&#44; et al&#46; Masa ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infecci&#243;n VIH&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2013&#59;213&#58;271&#8211;7&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables are expressed in absolute values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#41; and percentages &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; Continuous variables are expressed as median &#40;med&#41; and interquartile amplitude &#40;IQA&#41; &#40;25&#8211;75&#41;&#46; Abbreviations&#58; VR10&#44; vascular risk at 10 years&#59; HAART&#44; highly active antiretroviral therapy&#59; PDU&#44; parenteral drug user&#59; HCV&#44; hepatitis C virus&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">121&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AIDS</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age of the infection &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Viral load &#60;50</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">copies&#47;ml</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">254&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CD4 current &#40;cells&#47;&#956;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">595&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">478&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CD4 nadir &#40;cells&#47;&#956;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Use of HAART</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">334&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Length of time using HAART &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HCV coinfection</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">122&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Vascular risk factors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High blood pressure</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyslipidemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smokers</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">208&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body mass index &#40;kg</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VR10 &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Med&#47;IQA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VR10</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">198&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#47;&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">237 &#40;61&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;51 &#40;21&#46;39&#8211;27&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;3&#46;14&#8211;43&#46;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zidovudine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;36&#46;26&#8211;45&#46;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;3&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nevirapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;20&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;06 &#40;41&#46;36&#8211;60&#46;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atazanavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;15&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;02 &#40;17&#46;79&#8211;28&#46;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Darunavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;10&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;55 &#40;9&#46;82&#8211;17&#46;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fosamprenavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;02 &#40;19&#46;17&#8211;36&#46;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;6&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Indinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;15&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;29 &#40;22&#46;02&#8211;30&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lopinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;18&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;56 &#40;20&#46;76&#8211;32&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;5&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nelfinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;11 &#40;16&#46;18&#8211;28&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Saquinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;8&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;21 &#40;14&#46;29&#8211;22&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tipranavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;4 &#40;2&#46;2&#8211;31&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Others</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Raltegravir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;08 &#40;11&#46;56&#8211;20&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Maraviroc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;33 &#40;5&#46;01&#8211;31&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfuvirtide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;73&#8211;30&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of the patients&#8217; antiretroviral drug &#40;ARVD&#41; use history&#46;</p>"
        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">VR10&#58; vascular risk at 10 years&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Independent variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Typified coefficient &#946;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Constant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">VR10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;&#46;0005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Use of nevirapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High blood pressure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;028&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;851&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;828&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab354582.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the multivariate analysis for the dependent variable LVMI&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "tb0005"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "texto" => array:1 [
          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">What we know</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular events are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with HIV and may reflect the prevalence of classical vascular risk factors or a pathogenic relationship with HIV infection or with a number of antiretroviral drugs&#46; Left ventricular mass &#40;LVM&#41; is correlated with mortality&#46; Few studies have evaluated the distribution of LVM in patients infected with HIV&#44; and there have been no such studies in our community&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">What this article provides</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The determination of vascular risk at 10 years&#44; as well as the prior use of nevirapine&#44; is correlated with LVM&#46; However&#44; the relationship with nevirapine may reflect a &#8220;preferred indication&#8221; bias in patients with vascular risk factors&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Editors</p></span></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection&#46; HIV Outpatient Study Investigators"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46;J&#46; Palella Jr&#46;"
                            1 => "K&#46;M&#46; Delaney"
                            2 => "A&#46;C&#46; Moorman"
                            3 => "M&#46;O&#46; Loveless"
                            4 => "J&#46; Fuhrer"
                            5 => "G&#46;A&#46; Satten"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199803263381301"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "New Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "338"
                        "paginaInicial" => "853"
                        "paginaFinal" => "860"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516219"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
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Article information

ISSN: 22548874
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rceng.2013.02.001

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