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Original article
Available online 13 April 2026

Prevalence of COPD and smoking in Spain: an ecological study by autonomous communities, 2023

Prevalencia de EPOC y tabaquismo en España: un estudio ecológico por comunidades autónomas, 2023
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F.M. Escandell Ricoa,
Corresponding author
francisco.escandell@ua.es

Corresponding author.
, L. Pérez Fernándezb
a Department of Nursing, Universidad de Alicante, Orihuela, 03300 Alicante, Spain
b Health Department 21 SNS. Orihuela, 03300 Alicante, Spain
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Abstract
Objective

To analyze the reported prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and daily tobacco use in the adult population of Spain during 2023, considering differences by sex and autonomous community. As a secondary objective, the ecological association between both indicators was explored at the regional level, without assuming individual-level causal relationships.

Methods

A cross-sectional ecological analytical study was conducted using aggregated data at the autonomous community level. The reported prevalence of COPD was obtained from the Primary Care Clinical Database, while the prevalence of smoking was obtained from the Spanish National Health Survey and the European Health Survey. Seventeen autonomous communities were analyzed, stratified by sex. Means, ranges, and standard deviations were calculated, and the relationship between both indicators was evaluated using correlational analyses (Pearson and Spearman) and simple linear regression models.

Results

The reported prevalence of COPD was 3.56% at the national level, with a higher prevalence in men (4.75%) than in women (2.47%). The prevalence of daily tobacco use was 16.64%, with a male predominance (20.22%). A positive relationship was observed between smoking and recorded COPD, more pronounced in men (r = 0.52; P = 0.03) than in women (r = 0.33; P = 0.17).

Conclusions

Although the prevalence of smoking has decreased, territorial and gender inequalities persist in the distribution of COPD and smoking. It is recommended to strengthen tobacco prevention programs, improve early detection of COPD, and consider regional differences to guide evidence-based health policies.

Keywords:
EPOC
Smoking
Prevalence
Spain
Ecological study
Public health
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar la prevalencia registrada de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y de consumo diario de tabaco en población adulta en España durante 2023, considerando diferencias por sexo y comunidad autónoma. Como objetivo secundario, se exploró la posible asociación a nivel agregado entre ambos indicadores, sin inferir relaciones causales a nivel individual.

Método

Se realizó un estudio ecológico analítico transversal, utilizando datos agregados a nivel de comunidad autónoma. La prevalencia registrada de EPOC se obtuvo de la Base de Datos Clínicos de Atención Primaria, mientras que la prevalencia de tabaquismo se obtuvo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España y la Encuesta Europea de Salud. Se analizaron 17 comunidades autónomas estratificando por sexo. Se calcularon medias, rangos y desviaciones estándar, y se evaluó la relación entre ambos indicadores mediante análisis correlacionales (Pearson y Spearman) y modelos de regresión lineal simple.

Resultados

La prevalencia registrada de EPOC fue del 3,56% a nivel nacional, con mayor afectación en hombres (4,75%) que en mujeres (2,47%). La prevalencia de consumo diario de tabaco fue del 16,64%, con predominio masculino (20,22%). Se observó una relación positiva entre tabaquismo y EPOC registrada, más marcada en hombres (r = 0,52; p = 0,03) que en mujeres (r = 0,33; p = 0,17).

Conclusiones

Aunque la prevalencia de tabaquismo ha disminuido, persisten desigualdades territoriales y de género en la distribución de EPOC y tabaquismo. Se recomienda fortalecer programas de prevención de tabaco, mejorar la detección precoz de EPOC y considerar las diferencias regionales para orientar políticas sanitarias basadas en evidencia.

Palabras clave:
EPOC
Tabaquismo
Prevalencia
España
Estudio ecológico
Salud pública
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