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Original article
Uncorrected Proof. Available online 5 March 2026

Capnography in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Capnografía en el diagnóstico de cetoacidosis diabética (CAD): una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis
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Mehdi Torabia,
Corresponding author
mtorabi1390@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Moghaddameh Mirzaeeb
a Department of Emergency Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
b Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Abstract
Objective

The study investigates the role of capnography as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in order to reduce treatment delays and associated morbidities.

Methods

A registered protocol followed PRISMA guidelines and included all diabetic patients undergoing capnography, excluding those with metabolic disturbances unrelated to DKA. A comprehensive review of electronic medical resources was performed, with quality assessment conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Heterogeneity was expressed using Cochran's Q statistic, along with I² and tau-squared (τ²) statistics. Potential publication bias was evaluated through the Egger test and funnel plots, utilizing Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) and Stata/MP 17 for the analyses.

Results

Seven studies, including two cohort and five cross-sectional, were analyzed. Among the participants, 322 (28.67%) were diagnosed with DKA, while 801 (71.33%) were not. The main outcome assessed was DKA diagnosis using capnography. The analysis of studies has revealed a statistically significant difference in EtCO₂ levels (standardized mean difference: −1.80, 95% CI: −2.33 to −1.28, p < 0.001), the pooled EtCO₂ odds ratio (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.09, p < 0.001), and a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (–1.80, 95% CI: −2.33 to −1.28, p < 0.001) between DKA and non-DKA patients. The pooled sensitivity of EtCO₂ for DKA was 0.91 (95%CI: 0.87, 0.94), and the pooled specificity was 0.90 (95%CI: 0.81, 0.94).

Conclusion

The measurement of EtCO₂ by capnography, a non-invasive and readily available tool, may facilitate the expedited diagnosis of DKA in diabetic patients, pending further validation in RCTs and diverse settings.

Keywords:
Capnography
Anion gap
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diagnosis
Abbreviations:
CMA
DKA
EtCO2
MeSH
NOS
RCT
Resumen
Objetivo

Este estudio examina la capnografía como herramienta diagnóstica auxiliar en la identificación de la cetoacidosis diabética (CAD).

Métodos

Se realizó siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA, incluyendo pacientes diabéticos sometidos a capnografía, excluyendo a quienes tenían trastornos metabólicos no vinculados a la CAD. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de recursos médicos electrónicos, utilizando la Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa para evaluar la calidad y aplicando análisis estadísticos, como el Q de Cochran, I², tau-cuadrado (τ²), además de una evaluación del sesgo de publicación con la prueba de Egger, utilizando Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) y Stata/MP 17 para los análisis.

Resultados

Dos cohortes y cinco transversales, mostraron que 322 pacientes (28,67%) presentaban CAD. El análisis de los estudios reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los niveles de EtCO₂ (diferencia de medias estandarizada: -1,80, IC del 95%: -2,33 – -1,28, p < 0.001), la razón de probabilidades combinada de EtCO₂ (OR: 0,03, IC del 95%: 0,01–0,09, p < 0.001) y una diferencia de medias estandarizada (DME) combinada (–1,80, IC del 95%: -2,33 – -1,28, p < 0.001) entre pacientes con y sin CAD. La sensibilidad combinada de EtCO₂ para la CAD fue de 0,91 (IC del 95%: 0,87, 0,94) y la especificidad combinada fue de 0,90 (IC del 95%: 0,81, 0,94).

Conclusión

La medición de EtCO₂ mediante capnografía, una herramienta no invasiva y fácilmente disponible, puede facilitar el diagnóstico rápido de la CAD en pacientes diabéticos, a la espera de una mayor validación en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y en diversos entornos.

Palabras clave:
Capnografía
Brecha aniónica
Cetoacidosis diabética
Diagnóstico
Graphical abstract

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